ABSTRACT
The Local People's Congress budget review and supervision is an important measure to "effectively safeguard and improve people's livelihood" under the changes of the current major contradictions. Using the multi period DID method, we found that after the revision of the regulations, the local people's livelihood public service expenditure bias and expenditure efficiency were significantly improved. This conclusion is still valid after considering a series of robustness tests and possible explanations. The specific ways for it mainly include the constraint on the opportunistic behavior of local governments and the signal transmission function of the LPC's supervision. Further research shows that more effective media attention, more open and transparent rule of law environment, greater financial pressure and regional differences can all affect the effect of LPC's supervision of spending behavior. The research conclusion shows that the role of LPC supervision should be further played to ensure the development of local people's livelihood and promote the construction of government revenue and expenditure management system.
ABSTRACT
This study, set against the backdrop of new standard policies for air pollution control, investigates the role of air pollution control in driving economic transformation, upgrading, and safeguarding public welfare. Utilizing data from the prefecture-level cities from 2007 to 2016, the impact of air pollution control on per capita GDP, employment, and industrial upgrading is examined using the difference-in-differences method, and the long-term mechanism is tested. The results indicate that the new standard policy significantly improves regional per capita GDP and employment rate, and the condition identification test and robustness test show that this conclusion is very robust. Further analysis reveals that the new standard policy promotes per capita GDP and employment rate in the western region, driving regional industrial upgrading. The impact mechanism test shows that air pollution control promotes industrial upgrading and stable employment through the long-term mechanism of improving marketization, expanding the level of openness, and developing alternative industries, but there is still room for improvement in foreign investment and the development of the tertiary industry.
Subject(s)
Air Pollution , Air Pollution/analysis , Industry , Conservation of Natural Resources , Cities , Investments , China , Economic DevelopmentABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is an important cause leading to recurrence and development of head and neck carcinoma (HNC), with the precise mechanisms unclear. Thus, we aimed to identify the key genes involved in LNM and further evaluate their expressions and roles. METHODS: A cohort of HNC in the TCGA was analyzed. The study involved three phases (one screening and two validation phases). First, the differentially expressed genes regarding LNM were screened, from which a key gene was identified by a series of data mining approaches. Then, the expressions and roles of the key gene were validated in HNC through bioinformatics. Afterward, the expression of the key gene was detected by qPCR, western blot, and Immunohistochemistry based on a cell model and a tissue microarray. Further, colony formation and transwell migration and invasion assays were used to evaluate the roles of the key gene. RESULTS: SPP1 was overexpressed in HNC tissues and was identified as the key gene. Overexpression of SPP1 in HNC was correlated with advanced pathological stages and T-stage, as well as the presence of LNM, which predicted poor prognosis. The expression of SPP1 was closely associated with the infiltration of immune cells in HNC, especially M2 macrophages. Lab experiments confirmed that SPP1 silence in HNC cells resulted in weakened invasive and metastatic abilities. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that SPP1 may be a key gene associated with LNM in HNC, raising the possibility of SPP1 as a target for HNC prevention and treatment.
