Scenario simulation of the EU carbon price and its enlightenment to China.

Through exploring price characteristics of carbon futures products in EU ET, this paper aims to provide China's policy makers with meaningful materials and references for understanding how a carbon trading market can be established and well regulated. Based on the dataset comprising of multiple sources including Euro stoxx600 index, coal and crude oil prices, natural gas prices and European clean energy company stock prices, etc., this paper uses BP neural network model to simulate the long-term trends of carbon futures prices in six scenarios that represent the typical features of a carbon trading market. The results show that: (1) the magnitude of economic development's effect on carbon price is the largest among other factors, with the shortest duration; (2) in comparison, the effect of black energy consumption is weaker, but its lasting duration is the longest; (3) the impact of clean energy development on carbon price is similar to that of black energy, but the effect magnitude and lasting duration are relatively smaller. These findings suggest three viable directions for the development of China's carbon trading market in future i.e. adjusting total quotas in accordance with economic development, establishing market price stabilization mechanism, and developing clean energy. The novelty of this paper is to simulate the long-term trend of carbon prices by constructing a carbon price prediction system.

Inhibiting Hypoxia and Chemotherapy-Induced Cancer Cell Metastasis under a Valid Therapeutic Effect by an Assistance of Biomimetic Oxygen Delivery.

Tumor metastasis is the most dangerous stage in tumorigenesis and its evolution, which causes about 80% clinical death. However, common therapies including chemotherapy may increase the risk of tumor metastasis while killing cancer cells. Tumor metastasis is closely related to many factors in the tumor microenvironment, especially hypoxia. As one of the characteristics of a malignant tumor microenvironment, hypoxia plays an important role in the growth, metabolism, and metastasis of tumors. Upregulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) would stimulate the metastasis and migration of cancer cells. In this study, we developed an artificial oxygen carrier system, a hemoglobin-loaded liposome (Hb@lipo), which was capable of effectively delivering oxygen to tumor. The way of providing oxygen not only alleviated tumor hypoxia but also downregulated the expression of HIF, which is conducive to reducing tumor malignancy. Alleviating the tumor hypoxic microenvironment alone is not enough to inhibit tumor metastasis; thus, we prepared the liposome containing a chemotherapeutic agent cabazitaxel (CBZ@lipo). Our data indicated that the combination therapy of Hb@lipo and CBZ@lipo can efficiently kill cancer cells and inhibit tumor growth. At the same time, it can effectively entrap cancer cells in tumor sites by relieving the hypoxic microenvironment of tumors and reduce the metastasis of cancer cells during and after the chemotherapy. Our research may provide a clinical cancer chemotherapy reference that reduces the risk of cancer cell metastasis while inhibiting tumor growth.

2-Eth-oxy-6-[(3-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-imino-meth-yl]phenol.

The title Schiff base compound, C(15)H(16)N(2)O(2), was prepared by the condensation reaction of equimolar quanti-ties of 3-eth-oxy-salicyl-aldehyde with 2-amino-3-methyl-pyridine in methanol. The dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the pyridine ring is 2.6 (2)° and an intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring.

(Diphenyl-phosphor-yl)(2-nitro-phen-yl)methanol.

In the title compound, C(19)H(16)NO(4)P, the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the phenyl rings bonded to the P atom is 75.4 (1)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked into chains running along the a axis by inter-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Mol-ecules are further connected into a three-dimensional array by weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

[Suggestive guideline for respiratory support in emergency--stepwise breath management].

OBJECTIVE: To propose a guideline of respiratory support for emergency patients. METHODS: To summarize the experiences gained in giving stepwise respiratory support (SRS) in 2,548 patients for emergency care (including 1,823 trauma patients and 725 non-trauma patients) between 1992 to 2002. RESULTS: There were 1,876 male and 672 female patients with the ratio of male to female 2.79:1. The age of patients ranged between 4 to 86 years, and the mean age of traumatic patients was (32.3+/-19.8) years, and the dominant ages were between 20 to 39. The mean age of non-traumatic patients was (65.2+/-17.3) years, and the dominant ages were between 50 to 69. The traumatic and non-traumatic patients accounted for 60.2% and 32.0% of all patients, respectively. The respiratory management included resuscitation positioning in 816 (32.0%), open airway and suctioning in 314 patients (12.3%), oxygenation through nostril or nasal intubation in 2,311 patients (90.7%), oxygenation by mask in 124 patients (4.9%), endotracheal intubation in 254 patients (10.0%), thyrocricocentesis or cricothyrotomy in 25 patients (1.0%), tracheotomy in 195 patients (7.7%), percutaneous tracheotomy in 58 patients (2.3%). SRW management included two types, four steps and ten ways. The two types included traumatic and non-traumatic; the four steps and ten ways included first step of manual treatment (including (1) resuscitation positioning, (2) open airway and suction and (3) chest-back press), second step oxygenation (including (4) oxygenation through nostril or nasal intubation, (5) oxygenation by mask, (6) endotracheal intubation), third step invasive airway support (including (7) thyrocricocentesis or cricothyrotomy and (8) tracheotomy or percutaneous tracheostomy), fourth step mechanic ventilation (covering (9) manual ventilation and (10) mechanical ventilator). CONCLUSION: The series of SRS management plan and principles can improve the respiratory support in rescuing emergency patients efficiently.

Molecular cloning and characterization of cDNA encoding fibrinolytic enzyme-3 from earthworm Eisenia foetida.

The earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme-3 (EFE-3, GenBank accession No: AY438622), from the earthworm Eisenia foetida, is a component of earthworm fibrinolytic enzymes. In this study, cDNA encoding the EFE-3 was cloned by RT-PCR. The cDNA contained an open reading frame of 741 nucleotides, which encoded a deduced protein of 247 amino acid residues, including signal sequences. EFE-3 showed a high degree of homology to earthworm (Lumbricus rebullus) proteases F-III-1, F-III-2, and bovine trypsin. The recombinant EFE-3 was expressed in E. coli as inclusion bodies, and the gene encoding the native form of EFE-3 was expressed in COS-7 cells in the medium. Both the refolding product of inclusion bodies and the secreted protease could dissolve the artificial fibrin plate.

[Identification of differentially expressed genes of acute hypoxia-treated HepG2 cells and hypoxia-acclimatized HepG2 cells].

To provide necessary information for further understanding of molecular mechanism of hypoxia acclimatization, the differentially expressed genes of HepG2 cells exposed to normoxia, acute hypoxia-treated cells which were exposed to 1% oxygen for 48 h, and hypoxia-acclimatized HepG2 cells which were cultured for 6 circles of alternate low oxygen (1% oxygen for 24 h) and normal oxygen (21% oxygen for 24 h), were identified respectively by combining the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and cDNA microarray. Thirty-seven genes were expressed differentially in cells exposed to 1% oxygen for 48 h compared with those in cells exposed to normoxia. The expression of all these 37 genes was down-regulated, including the genes participating in cell cycle, cell response to stimulus, and cell signal transduction, and cell cytoskeleton formation, the genes associated with transcription and cell metabolism, 4 expressed sequence tags (ESTs), and 12 genes of which the functions are not known. There is a novel gene sequence, which has not been found in existing databases. There were only 6 genes differentially expressed in the hypoxia-acclimatized cells compared with cells exposed to normoxia, including two mitochondrion genes, metalloprotease-1 gene, ferritin gene, thymosin beta-4 and TPT1 genes. The expressions of mitochondrion ND4, ferritin, thymosin beta-4 and TPT1 were up-regulated, while the expressions of mitochondrion ND1 gene and metalloproease-1 gene were down-regulated. Cell tolerance to hypoxia increased after the cells were hypoxia-acclimatized. The different gene expression patterns of the acute hypoxia-treated cells and the hypoxia-acclimatized cells may be related to the increased tolerance of the cells to hypoxia.