Dissemination stability and phase noise characteristics in a cascaded, fiber-based long-haul radio frequency dissemination network.

To study the dissemination stability and phase noise characteristics of the cascaded fiber-based RF dissemination, we perform an experiment using three sets of RF modulated frequency dissemination systems. The experimental results show that the total transfer stability of the cascaded system can be given by σ(T)(2)=∑(i=1)(N)σ(i)(2) (σ(i) is the frequency dissemination stability of the ith segment and N is the quantity of segments). Furthermore, for each segment, the phase noise of recovered frequency signal is also measured. The results show that for an N-segment, cascaded dissemination system, its stability degrades only by a factor of N. This sub-linear relation makes the cascaded, RF-dissemination method a very attractive one for long-haul, time and frequency dissemination network.

Portable microwave frequency dissemination in free space and implications on ground-to-satellite synchronization.

Frequency dissemination and synchronization in free space play an important role in global navigation satellite system, radio astronomy, and synthetic aperture radar. In this paper, we demonstrated a portable radio frequency dissemination scheme via free space using microwave antennas. The setup has a good environment adaptability and high dissemination stability. The frequency signal was disseminated at different distances ranging from 10 to 640 m with a fixed 10 Hz locking bandwidth, and the scaling law of dissemination stability on distance and averaging time was discussed. The preliminary extrapolation shows that the dissemination stability may reach 1 × 10(-12)/s in ground-to-satellite synchronization, which far exceeds all present methods, and is worthy for further study.

The Chinese First-Episode Schizophrenia Trial: background and study design.

Schizophrenia is a complex illness with unknown aetiology and pathogenesis. Currently, a considerable number of patients with schizophrenia do not receive standardised and systematic treatment in China. In the past years, many controlled trials have been conducted in chronic schizophrenia. In contrast, research on first-episode schizophrenia is lacking. This paper describes the background and design of the Chinese First-Episode Schizophrenia Trial project--a multicentre, randomised, open-label clinical trial. A total of 600 first-episode schizophrenia patients were randomly divided into 3 groups and treated with risperidone, aripiprazole, and olanzapine for 1 year. During the study period, only 1 medication change of the 3 antipsychotic medications was allowed.

White organic light-emitting diodes combining vacuum deposited blue electrophosphorescent devices with red surface color conversion layers.

We report white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) combining vacuum deposited blue electrophosphorescent devices with red surface color conversion layers (CCLs). With an iridium (III) [bis(4,6-di-fluoropheny)- pyridinato-N,C(2')] picolinate (FIrpic) doped 4,4'-bis(9-carbazolyl)-2,2'-dimethyl-biphenyl (CDBP) blue electrophosphorescent light emitting layer, and an appropriate red surface CCL containing 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-tert-butyl-6-(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB), the WOLED generate high efficiency and very pure white light with a peak luminous (power) efficiency of 18.1 cd/A (9.5 lm/W) and CIE coordinates of (0.32, 0.31), very close to the equal-energy white, respectively. Moreover, the output spectra and CIE coordinates of the WOLED show no significant change at a wide range of current density.

High-efficiency and high-contrast phosphorescent top-emitting organic light-emitting devices with p-type Si anodes.

We report high-efficiency and high-contrast phosphorescent topemitting organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) by employing the low reflectance p-type Si bottom anodes and the high transmittance Cs(2)CO(3)/Ag top cathodes for effective hole and electron injection. With the green electrophosphorescent material fac tris (2-phenylpyridine) iridium [Ir(ppy)(3)] doped emitting layer, the devices exhibit peak external quantum and power efficiencies of 3.5% (12 cd/A) and 4.5 lm/W, which are the highest values reported for OLEDs using Si wafers as electrodes. Moreover, these devices exhibit significantly higher contrast compared to the conventional bottom-emitting and top-emitting OLEDs with the highly reflective back electrodes.

Association study of an SNP combination pattern in the dopaminergic pathway in paranoid schizophrenia: a novel strategy for complex disorders.

Schizophrenia is a common mental disorder with a complex pattern of inheritance. Despite a large number of studies in the past decades, its molecular etiology remains unknown. In this study, we proposed a 'system-thinking' strategy in seeking the combined effect of susceptibility genes for a complex disorder by using paranoid schizophrenia as an example. We genotyped 85 reported single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present in 23 genes for the dopamine (DA) metabolism pathway among 83 paranoid schizophrenics and 108 normal controls with detailed clinical and genetic information. We developed two novel multilocus approaches-the potential effective SNP combination pattern and potential effective dynamic effects analysis, by which three susceptibility genotype combinations were found to be associated with schizophrenia. These results were also validated in a family-based cohort consisting of 95 family trios of paranoid schizophrenia. The present findings suggest that the COMT and ALDH3 combination may be the most common type involved in predisposing to schizophrenia. Since the combination blocks the whole pathways for the breakdown of DA and noradrenaline, it is very likely to play a central role in developing paranoid schizophrenia.

[Observation on eggs of Oncomelania hupensis hupensis with scanning electron microscope].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the structure of the mud hull packed Oncomelania eggs and the surface structure of colloid membrane called the third grade membrane of eggs. METHODS: Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe Oncomelania snail eggs with integral mud hull collected from eastern Dongting Lake. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The mud hull of eggs was made of unshapen small humification combined with earth granules with a diameter of 2.6-9.2 microns. The mud hull in 60 um thickness was honeycomb-like in shape with many small holes and small folds on the wall. There were many round or irregularly round hollownesses on the inner layer of mud hull that contacts colloid membrane but no hole through mud hull. There were some protein fiber networks covering on the colloid membrane and apophysis. The structure of the mud hull showed that the exchange of matter was maintained between eggs and outside, and the mud hull is of great importance to regulating temperature and moisture for the growth of eggs by preventing hydrosoluble substances from penetrating into eggs. The protein fiber networks act on gluing mud hull and buffering outside power. The dense glue membrane might be a main barricade to prevent pharmaceutical molecules from penetrating into eggs.