Components, Formulations, Deliveries, and Combinations of Tumor Vaccines.

Tumor vaccines, an important part of immunotherapy, prevent cancer or kill existing tumor cells by activating or restoring the body's own immune system. Currently, various formulations of tumor vaccines have been developed, including cell vaccines, tumor cell membrane vaccines, tumor DNA vaccines, tumor mRNA vaccines, tumor polypeptide vaccines, virus-vectored tumor vaccines, and tumor-in-situ vaccines. There are also multiple delivery systems for tumor vaccines, such as liposomes, cell membrane vesicles, viruses, exosomes, and emulsions. In addition, to decrease the risk of tumor immune escape and immune tolerance that may exist with a single tumor vaccine, combination therapy of tumor vaccines with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, CAR-T therapy, or photoimmunotherapy is an effective strategy. Given the critical role of tumor vaccines in immunotherapy, here, we look back to the history of tumor vaccines, and we discuss the antigens, adjuvants, formulations, delivery systems, mechanisms, combination therapy, and future directions of tumor vaccines.

Agromyces chromiiresistens sp. nov., Novosphingobium album sp. nov., Sphingobium arseniciresistens sp. nov., Sphingomonas pollutisoli sp. nov., and Salinibacterium metalliresistens sp. nov.: five new members of Microbacteriaceae and Sphingomonadaceae from polluted soil.

There are many unidentified microbes in polluted soil needing to be explored and nominated to benefit the study of microbial ecology. In this study, a taxonomic research was carried out on five bacterial strains which were isolated and cultivated from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals polluted soil of an abandoned coking plant. Phylogenetical analysis showed that they belonged to the phyla Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, and their 16S rRNA gene sequence identities were lower than 98.5% to any known and validly nominated bacterial species, suggesting that they were potentially representing new species. Using polyphasic taxonomic approaches, the five strains were classified as new species of the families Microbacteriaceae and Sphingomonadaceae. Genome sizes of the five strains ranged from 3.07 to 6.60 Mb, with overall DNA G+C contents of 63.57-71.22 mol%. The five strains had average nucleotide identity of 72.38-87.38% and digital DNA-DNA hybridization of 14.0-34.2% comparing with their closely related type strains, which were all below the thresholds for species delineation, supporting these five strains as novel species. Based on the phylogenetic, phylogenomic, and phenotypic characterizations, the five novel species are proposed as Agromyces chromiiresistens (type strain H3Y2-19aT = CGMCC 1.61332T), Salinibacterium metalliresistens (type strain H3M29-4T = CGMCC 1.61335T), Novosphingobium album (type strain H3SJ31-1T = CGMCC 1.61329T), Sphingomonas pollutisoli (type strain H39-1-10T = CGMCC 1.61325T), and Sphingobium arseniciresistens (type strain H39-3-25T = CGMCC 1.61326T). Comparative genome analysis revealed that the species of the family Sphingomonadaceae represented by H39-1-10T, H39-3-25T, and H3SJ31-1T possessed more functional protein-coding genes for the degradation of aromatic pollutants than the species of the family Microbacteriaceae represented by H3Y2-19aT and H3M29-4T. Furthermore, their capacities of resisting heavy metals and metabolizing aromatic compounds were investigated. The results indicated that strains H3Y2-19aT and H39-3-25T were robustly resistant to chromate (VI) and/or arsenite (III). Strains H39-1-10T and H39-3-25T grew on aromatic compounds, including naphthalene, as carbon sources even in the presence of chromate (VI) and arsenite (III). These features reflected their adaptation to the polluted soil environment.

Fluid evolution and related fluid-rock interactions of the Oligocene Zhuhai sandstones in the Baiyun Sag, northern margin of the South China Sea.

Pore fluids control the diagenetic processes and storage spaces of deep clastic rock reservoirs and have become a major area of interest within the fields of sedimentology and petroleum geology. This paper aims to relate the diagenetic processes of the Oligocene Zhuhai sandstones in the Baiyun Sag to pore fluids varying with burial depth. The types and distribution patterns of authigenic minerals are investigated through analysis of petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical features to illustrate the origin and flow patterns of pore fluids and their influences on reservoir diagenesis. Strong cementation of eogenetic carbonate cement near the sandstone-mudstone interface was a consequence of material migration from adjacent mudstones on a large scale. The pore fluids were mainly affected by microbial methanogenesis and carbonate mineral dissolution in adjacent mudstones during eogenesis. The pore fluids were diffusively transported in a relatively open geochemical system within a local range. Support for this model is provided by the heavier stable isotopic values present in eogenetic calcite and dolomite. Feldspar dissolution during early mesogenesis was spatially accompanied by the precipitation of authigenic quartz and ferroan carbonate cement. Pore fluids in this period were rich in organic acids and CO2, and their migration mechanism was diffusive transport. The obviously lighter carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of the ferroan calcite support this inference. During late mesogenesis, the input of deep hydrothermal fluid might have been partly responsible for the precipitation of ankerite, barite and authigenic albite. Oil charging may have inhibited carbonate cementation and compaction, accordingly preserving porosity, and together with authigenic kaolinite, might have promoted the transition of the reservoir from water wet to oil wet to the benefit of oil entrapment. The findings reported here shed new light on the evaluation and prediction of sandstone reservoirs that have experienced multiple periods of fluid flow.

High-salt diet accelerates bone loss accompanied by activation of ion channels related to kidney and bone tissue in ovariectomized rats.

Excessive salt intake can induce a variety of diseases, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease and so on，it is also one of the factors promoting bone resorption. The mechanism of osteoporosis-induced exacerbations of high salt diet is not well-defined. In this study, we used ovariectomized 6-month-old Sprague Dawley rats to construct a high bone turnover model, and then administrated with high sodium chloride diet (2.0% w/w NaCl, 8.0% w/w NaCl) for 12 weeks to observe the effect of high salt diet on bone metabolism. The results showed that high salt diet could lead to the destruction of bone microstructure, promote the excretion of urinary calcium and phosphorus and accelerate the bone turnover, as well as cause the pathologic structural abnormalities in renal tubular. At the same time, it was accompanied by the up-regulated expression of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaCα), voltage-gated chloride channels (ClC)- 3 and the down-regulated expression of Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC), sodium calcium exchanger (NCX1) in femoral tissue and renal tubules. These findings confirm that high salt diet can destroy the microstructure of bone by increasing bone resorption and affect some ion channels of bone tissue and renal tubule in ovariectomized rats.

Effects of embryo injected with ochratoxins A on hatching quality and jejunum antioxidant capacity of ducks at hatching.

Numerous studies have shown that ochratoxins A (OTA) exerts diverse toxicological effects, namely, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, genotoxicity, enterotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of embryonic exposure to OTA by different injection times and OTA doses on hatching quality and jejunal antioxidant capacity of ducks at hatching. In total, 480 fertilized eggs were weighed and randomly assigned into a 4 × 4 factorial design including four OTA doses (0, 2, 4, and 8 ng/g egg) on 8, 13, 18, and 23 of embryonic development (E8, E13, E18, and E23). Each treatment included 6 repeats with 5 eggs per repeat. The results showed that the injection time affected the hatching weight (P < 0.0001). The relative length of the jejunum and ileum on E18 and E23 was lower than on E8 and E13 (P < 0.05). Injection time, doses, and their interaction had no effect on jejunum morphology, namely, villous height (Vh), crypt depth (Cd), and villous height/crypt depth ratio Vh/Cd (P > 0.05). The injection time affected the activities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P < 0.0001), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (P < 0.05) and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content (P < 0.0001). The activity of SOD and T-AOC activities in the jejunum of ducklings injected with OTA at the E8 and E13 was lower than that injected at the E18 (P < 0.05). The highest MDA content was observed in ducklings injected with OTA at the E13 (P < 0.05). The injection time (P < 0.0001), OTA doses and their interaction affected the contents of IL-1ß (P < 0.05), which significantly increased especially on E13. In conclusion, the embryo injected with ochratoxins A affected the hatching weight, the relative length of jejunum and ileum, decreased the antioxidant capacity and increased the content of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1ß of the jejunum.