Risk prediction model based on machine learning for predicting miscarriage among pregnant patients with immune abnormalities.

Introduction: It is known that patients with immune-abnormal co-pregnancies are at a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Traditional pregnancy risk management systems have poor prediction abilities for adverse pregnancy outcomes in such patients, with many limitations in clinical application. In this study, we will use machine learning to screen high-risk factors for miscarriage and develop a miscarriage risk prediction model for patients with immune-abnormal pregnancies. This model aims to provide an adjunctive tool for the clinical identification of patients at high risk of miscarriage and to allow for active intervention to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods: Patients with immune-abnormal pregnancies attending Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital were collected through electronic medical records (EMR). The data were divided into a training set and a test set in an 8:2 ratio. Comparisons were made to evaluate the performance of traditional pregnancy risk assessment tools for clinical applications. This analysis involved assessing the cost-benefit of clinical treatment, evaluating the model's performance, and determining its economic value. Data sampling methods, feature screening, and machine learning algorithms were utilized to develop predictive models. These models were internally validated using 10-fold cross-validation for the training set and externally validated using bootstrapping for the test set. Model performance was assessed by the area under the characteristic curve (AUC). Based on the best parameters, a predictive model for miscarriage risk was developed, and the SHapley additive expansion (SHAP) method was used to assess the best model feature contribution. Results: A total of 565 patients were included in this study on machine learning-based models for predicting the risk of miscarriage in patients with immune-abnormal pregnancies. Twenty-eight risk warning models were developed, and the predictive model constructed using XGBoost demonstrated the best performance with an AUC of 0.9209. The SHAP analysis of the best model highlighted the total number of medications, as well as the use of aspirin and low molecular weight heparin, as significant influencing factors. The implementation of the pregnancy risk scoring rules resulted in accuracy, precision, and F1 scores of 0.3009, 0.1663, and 0.2852, respectively. The economic evaluation showed a saving of ¥7,485,865.7 due to the model. Conclusion: The predictive model developed in this study performed well in estimating the risk of miscarriage in patients with immune-abnormal pregnancies. The findings of the model interpretation identified the total number of medications and the use of other medications during pregnancy as key factors in the early warning model for miscarriage risk. This provides an important basis for early risk assessment and intervention in immune-abnormal pregnancies. The predictive model developed in this study demonstrated better risk prediction performance than the Pregnancy Risk Management System (PRMS) and also demonstrated economic value. Therefore, miscarriage risk prediction in patients with immune-abnormal pregnancies may be the most cost-effective management method.

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of the Phenotypes of COPD-Bronchiectasis Association.

INTRODUCTION: Although COPD may frequently co-exist with bronchiectasis [COPD-bronchiectasis associated (CBA)], little is known regarding the clinical heterogeneity. We aimed to identify the phenotypes and compare the clinical characteristics and prognosis of CBA. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving 2928 bronchiectasis patients, 5158 COPD patients, and 1219 patients with CBA hospitalized between July 2017 and December 2020. We phenotyped CBA with a two-step clustering approach and validated in an independent retrospective cohort with decision-tree algorithms. RESULTS: Compared with patients with COPD or bronchiectasis alone, patients with CBA had significantly longer disease duration, greater lung function impairment, and increased use of intravenous antibiotics during hospitalization. We identified five clusters of CBA. Cluster 1 (N=120, CBA-MS) had predominantly moderate-severe bronchiectasis, Cluster 2 (N=108, CBA-FH) was characterized by frequent hospitalization within the previous year, Cluster 3 (N=163, CBA-BI) had bacterial infection, Cluster 4 (N=143, CBA-NB) had infrequent hospitalization but no bacterial infection, and Cluster 5 (N=113, CBA-NHB) had no hospitalization or bacterial infection in the past year. The decision-tree model predicted the cluster assignment in the validation cohort with 91.8% accuracy. CBA-MS, CBA-BI, and CBA-FH exhibited higher risks of hospital re-admission and intensive care unit admission compared with CBA-NHB during follow-up (all P<0.05). Of the five clusters, CBA-FH conferred the worst clinical prognosis. CONCLUSION: Bronchiectasis severity, recent hospitalizations and sputum culture findings are three defining variables accounting for most heterogeneity of CBA, the characterization of which will help refine personalized clinical management.

Unilateral biportal endoscopy via two different approaches for upper lumbar disc herniation: a technical note.

BACKGROUND: The traditional surgical procedures for upper lumbar disc herniation (ULDH) usually lead to frequent complications. We aim to investigate the clinical efficacy of the unilateral biportal endoscopy (UBE) technique in treating upper lumbar disc herniation (ULDH). METHODS: From January 2020 to December 2021, the clinical data of 28 patients with ULDH treated with the UBE technique were collected and analyzed for surgery time under UBE, postsurgical drainage, postsurgical hospital stay, and complications. The clinical efficacy was evaluated according to the modified MacNab score, Oswestry disability index (ODI), and visual analogue scale (VAS) of low back pain and lower limb pain before the surgery; one week, one month, and three months after the surgery; and at the last follow-up. RESULTS: All patients underwent the UBE surgery successfully. The surgery time under UBE for non-fusion cases was 47.50 ± 11.84 min (monosegment) and 75.00 ± 20.66 min (two segments), while that for fusion cases was 77.50 ± 21.02 min. The postsurgical drainage for non-fusion cases was 25.00 ± 13.94 mL (monosegment) and 38.00 ± 11.83 mL (two segments), while that for fusion cases was 71.25 ± 31.72 mL. The postsurgical hospital stay was 8.28 ± 4.22 days. The follow-up time was 15.82 ± 4.54 months. The VAS score for each time period after the surgery was significantly lower (P < 0.05), while the ODI was significantly higher than that before the surgery (P < 0.05). According to the modified MacNab scoring standard, the ratio of excellent to good was 96.43% at the last follow-up. Two patients experienced transient numbness and pain in their lower limbs and no activity disorder after the surgery, and they recovered after conservative treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical effect of UBE technique in treating ULDH was reliable. According to the needs of the disease, the interlaminar approach or paraspinal approach of the UBE technique was selected. This technique took into account the effect of treatment, achieved the purpose of minimal invasiveness, and did not require special instruments. Therefore, it has the potential for clinical application.

Effect of low-intensity focused ultrasound therapy on postpartum uterine involution in puerperal women: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Short-term poor uterine involution manifests as uterine contraction weakness. This is one of the important causes of postpartum hemorrhage, posing a serious threat to the mother's life and safety. The study aims to investigate whether low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFUS) can effectively shorten lochia duration, alleviate postpartum complications, and accelerate uterine involution compared with the sham treatment. METHODS: A multicenter, concealed, randomized, blinded, and sham-controlled clinical trial was conducted across three medical centers involving 176 subjects, utilizing a parallel group design. Enrollment occurred between October 2019 and September 2020, with a 42-day follow-up period. Participants meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria based on normal prenatal examinations were randomly divided into the LIFUS group or the sham operation group via computer-generated randomization. Patients in the LIFUS group received usual care with the LIFUS protocol, wherein a LIFUS signal was transmitted to the uterine site through coupling gel, or sham treatment, where no low-intensity ultrasound signal output was emitted. The primary outcome, lochia duration, was assessed via weekly telephonic follow-ups post-discharge. The involution of the uterus, measured by uterine fundus height, served as the secondary outcome. RESULTS: Among the 256 subjects screened for eligibility, 176 subjects were enrolled and randomly assigned to either the LIFUS group (n = 88) or the Sham group (n = 88). Data on the height of the uterine fundus were obtained from all the patients, with 696 out of 704 measurements (99%) successfully recorded. Overall, a statistically significant difference was noted in time to lochia termination (hazard ratio: 2.65; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.82-3.85; P < 0.001). The decline in fundal height exhibited notable discrepancies between the two groups following the second treatment session (mean difference: -1.74; 95% CI: -1.23 to -2.25; P < 0.001) and the third treatment session (mean difference: -3.26; 95% CI: -2.74 to -3.78; P < 0.001) after delivery. None of the subjects had any adverse reactions, such as skin damage or allergies during the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that LIFUS treatment can promote uterine involution and abbreviate the duration of postpartum lochia. Ultrasound emerges as a safe and effective intervention, poised to address further clinical inquiries in the domain of postpartum rehabilitation.

Optimizing ultrashort pulse in fiber laser based on artificial intelligence algorithm.

Ultrashort pulses, characterized by their short pulse duration, diverse spectral content, and high peak power, are widely used in fields including laser processing, optical storage, biomedical sciences, and laser imaging. The complex, highly-nonlinear process of ultrashort pulse evolution within fiber lasers is influenced by numerous aspects such as dispersion, loss, gain, and nonlinear effects. Traditionally, the split-step Fourier transforms method is employed for simulating ultrashort pulses in fiber lasers, which involves traversing multiple parameters within the fiber to attain the pulse's optimal state. The simulation is a significantly time-consuming process. Here, we use a neural network model to fit and predict the impact of multiple parameters on the pulse characteristics within fiber lasers, enabling parameter optimization through genetic algorithms to determine the optimal pulse duration, pulse energy, and peak power. Integrating artificial intelligence algorithms simplifies the acquisition of optimal pulse parameters and enhances our understanding of multiple parameters' impact on the pulse characteristics. The investigation of ultrashort pulse optimization based on artificial intelligence holds immense potential for laser design.

Atropisomeric Carboxylic Acids Synthesis via Nickel-Catalyzed Enantioconvergent Carboxylation of Aza-Biaryl Triflates with CO2.

Upgrading CO2 to value-added chiral molecules via catalytic asymmetric C-C bond formation is a highly important yet challenging task. Although great progress on the formation of centrally chiral carboxylic acids has been achieved, catalytic construction of axially chiral carboxylic acids with CO2 has never been reported to date. Herein, we report the first catalytic asymmetric synthesis of axially chiral carboxylic acids with CO2, which is enabled by nickel-catalyzed dynamic kinetic asymmetric reductive carboxylation of racemic aza-biaryl triflates. A variety of important axially chiral carboxylic acids, which are valuable but difficult to obtain via catalysis, are generated in an enantioconvergent version. This new methodology features good functional group tolerance, easy to scale-up, facile transformation and avoids cumbersome steps, handling organometallic reagents and using stoichiometric chiral materials. Mechanistic investigations indicate a dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation process induced by chiral nickel catalysis.

Evaluating the consistency in different methods for measuring left atrium diameters.

BACKGROUND: The morphological information of the pulmonary vein (PV) and left atrium (LA) is of immense clinical importance for effective atrial fibrillation ablation. The aim of this study is to examine the consistency in different LA diameter measurement techniques. METHODS: Retrospective imaging data from 87 patients diagnosed with PV computed tomography angiography were included. The patients consisted of 50 males and 37 females, with an average age of (60.74 ± 8.70) years. Two physicians independently measured the anteroposterior diameter, long diameter, and transverse diameter of the LA using six different methods. Additionally, we recorded the post-processing time of the images. Physician 1 conducted measurements twice with a one-month interval between the measurements to assess intra-rater reliability. Using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the consistency of each LA diameter measurement by the two physicians was evaluated. We compared the differences in the LA diameter and the time consumed for measurements using different methods. This was done by employing the rank sum test of a randomized block design (Friedman M test) and the q test for pairwise comparisons among multiple relevant samples. RESULTS: (1) The consistency of the measured LA diameter by the two physicians was strong or very strong. (2) There were statistical differences in the anteroposterior diameter, long diameter, and transverse diameter of LA assessed using different methods (χ2 = 222.28, 32.74, 293.83, P < 0.001). (3) Different methods for measuring the diameters of LA required different amounts of time (χ2 = 333.10, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The results of left atrium (LA) diameter measurements conducted by different physicians were found to be reliable. However, the LA diameters obtained through various techniques exhibited variations. It was observed that measuring LA long diameters using only the VR (volume rendering) picture was the most clinically applicable method.

An Exploratory Pilot Study on the Application of Radiofrequency Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation Guided by Computed Tomography-Based 3D Printing Technology.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the treatment of choice for atrial fibrillation (AF). Additionally, the utilization of 3D printing for cardiac models offers an in-depth insight into cardiac anatomy and cardiovascular diseases. The study aims to evaluate the clinical utility and outcomes of RFA following in vitro visualization of the left atrium (LA) and pulmonary vein (PV) structures via 3D printing (3DP). Between November 2017 and April 2021, patients who underwent RFA at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University were consecutively enrolled and randomly allocated into two groups: the 3DP group and the control group, in a 1:1 ratio. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) was employed to capture the morphology and diameter of the LA and PV, which facilitated the construction of a 3D entity model. Additionally, surgical procedures were simulated using the 3D model. Parameters such as the duration of the procedure, complications, and rates of RFA recurrence were meticulously documented. Statistical analysis was performed using the t-test or Mann-Whitney U test to evaluate the differences between the groups, with a P-value of less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. In this study, a total of 122 patients were included, with 53 allocated to the 3DP group and 69 to the control group. The analysis of the morphological measurements of the LA and PV taken from the workstation or direct entity measurement showed no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). However, patients in the 3DP group experienced significantly shorter RFA times (97.03 ± 28.39 compared to 120.51 ± 44.76 min, t = 3.05, P = 0.003), reduced duration of radiation exposure (2.55 [interquartile range 2.01, 3.24] versus 3.20 [2.28, 3.91] min, Z = 3.23, P < 0.001), and shorter modeling times (7.68 ± 1.03 compared to 8.89 ± 1.45 min, t = 5.38, P < 0.001). 3DP technology has the potential to enhance standard RFA practices by reducing the time required for intraoperative interventions and exposure to radiation.

How to improve the energy-saving performance of China's transport sector? An input-output perspective.

The transport sector proves a major energy consumer in China, but improving energy-saving performance in China's provincial transport sector from the lifecycle perspective remains unresolved. Thus, this study employs the environmentally extended multi-region input-output (MRIO) method, structural path analysis, and the newest MRIO table of China from 2017, to investigate how to improve the energy-saving performance from final demand structure, supply chain, and pathway perspectives. The relevant results are threefold. (1) Regarding the final demand structure level, the embodied energy consumption of China's transport sector is predominantly driven by investment from the production side, while that of the consumption side is primarily caused by exports. (2) At the supply chain level, production-side embodied energy consumption primarily occurs along a three-echelon supply chain, while that from the consumption side mostly occurs via a two-echelon supply chain. (3) At the pathway level, the production-side energy-saving performance of China's provincial transport sector is dominated by two pathways along the construction sector, including transport sector → construction sector → final demands, and transport sector → intermediate inputs → construction sector → final demands, while that of the consumption side is chiefly determined by three pathways along internal transportation chains.

Ameliorative effects of zinc and vitamin E against phthalates-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats.

OBJECTIVE: Phthalates (PEs) could cause reproductive harm to males. A mixture of three widely used PEs (MPEs) was used to investigate the ameliorative effects of zinc (Zn) and vitamin E (VE) against male reproductive toxicity. METHODS: Fifty male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10). Rats in MPEs group were orally treated with 160 mg/kg/d MPEs, while rats in MPEs combined Zn and/or VE groups were treated with 160 mg/kg/d MPEs plus 25 mg/kg/d Zn and/or 25 mg/kg/d VE. After intervention for 70 days, it's was measured of male reproductive organs' weight, histopathological observation of sperms and testes, serum hormones, PIWI proteins and steroidogenic proteins. RESULTS: Compared with control, anogenital distance, testes weight, epididymides weight, and sex hormones were significantly decreased, while the sperm malformation rate was markedly increased in MPEs group (p < .05); the testicular tissues were injured in MPEs group with disordered and decreased spermatids, and arrested spermatogenesis. PIWIL1, PIWIL2, StAR, CYP11A1 and CYP19A1 were down-regulated in MPEs group (p < .05). However, the alterations of these parameters were restored in MPEs combined Zn and/or VE groups (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Zn and/or VE improved steroid hormone metabolism, and inhibited MPEs' male reproductive toxicity.

Preliminary study of the effect of low-intensity focused ultrasound on postpartum uterine involution and breast pain in puerperal women: a randomised controlled trial.

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) therapy in facilitating fundus descent and relieving postpartum breast pain compared with sham treatment. A multicentre, randomised, sham-controlled, blinded trial was conducted. A cohort of 176 eligible participants, who had normal prenatal check-ups and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, were recruited from three medical centres and subsequently randomized into either the LIFU or sham group. All participants received three treatment sessions, wherein LIFU signal was applied to the uterus and breast sites using coupling gel, with the absence of ultrasound signal output in the sham group. Fundal height measurement and breast pain score were performed after each treatment. The primary outcome, uterine involution, was presented by measuring the fundal height of the uterus. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score, as a secondary outcome, was used to assess breast pain and determine the correlation between breast pain and fundal height as the outcome simultaneously. All participants were randomly assigned to either the LIFU group (n = 88) or sham group (n = 88), with seven individuals not completing the treatment. Overall, a statistically significant difference was noted in the rate and index of fundus descent after each treatment. The rate and index of fundus descent showed greater significance following the second treatment (rate: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0) cm/d; index: 0.15 (0.1, 0.18), P < 0.001) and third treatment (rate: 1.67 (1.33, 2.0) cm/d; index: 0.26 (0.23, 0.3), P < 0.001) in the LIFU group. VAS scores, which were based on the continuous variables for the baseline, first, second, and third treatments in the LIFU group (2.0 (2.0, 3.0), 1.0 (0.0, 2.0), 0.0 (0.0, 1.0), and 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) points, respectively), and the sham group (2.0 (2.0, 2.0), 2.0 (1.0, 2.0), 2.0 (1.0, 3.0), and 3.0 (1.0, 3.0) points, respectively), showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups. Meanwhile, the discrepancies in VAS score classification variables between the two groups were statistically significant. After the third treatment, a notable correlation was observed between the VAS score decrease and fundus descent rate; the more the VAS score decreased, the faster was the fundal decline rate in the LIFU group. LIFU therapy is safe and effective, contributing to the acceleration of uterine involution and the relief of postpartum breast pain.Trial ID The study has registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2100049586) at 05/08/2021.

Alleviative effect of quercetin against reproductive toxicity induced by chronic exposure to the mixture of phthalates in male rats.

Phthalates (PEs) are widely used plasticizers in polymer products, and humans are increasingly exposed to them. This study was designed to investigate the alleviative effect of phytochemicals quercetin (Que) against male reproductive toxicity caused by the mixture of three commonly used PEs (MPEs), and further to explore the underlying mechanism. Forty-eight male SD rats were randomly and evenly divided into control group, Que group, MPEs group and MPEs+Que group (n = 12); The oral exposure doses of MPEs and Que were 450 mg/kg/d and 50 mg/kg/d, respectively. After 91 days of continuous intervention, compared with control group, the testes weight, epididymis weight, serum sex hormones, and anogenital distance were significantly decreased in MPEs group (P < 0.05); Testicular histopathological observation showed that all seminiferous tubules were atrophy, leydig cells were hyperplasia, spermatogenic cells growth were arrested in MPEs group. Ultrastructural observation of testicular germ cells showed that the edges of the nuclear membranes were indistinct, and the mitochondria were severely damaged with the cristae disrupted, decreased or even disappeared in MPEs group. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis showed that testicular CYP11A1, CYP17A1 and 17ß-HSD were up-regulated, while StAR, PIWIL1 and PIWIL2 were down-regulated in MPEs group (P < 0.05); However, the alterations of these parameters were restored in MPEs+Que group. The results indicated MPEs disturbed steroid hormone metabolism, and caused male reproductive injuries; whereas, Que could inhibit MPEs' male reproductive toxicity, which might relate to the restored regulation of steroid hormone metabolism.

Cu-Catalyzed Asymmetric Dicarboxylation of 1,3-Dienes with CO2.

Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives are important building blocks in organic synthesis, biochemistry, and the polymer industry. Although catalytic dicarboxylation with CO2 represents a straightforward and sustainable route to dicarboxylic acids, it is still highly challenging and limited to generation of achiral or racemic dicarboxylic acids. To date, catalytic asymmetric dicarboxylation with CO2 to give chiral dicarboxylic acids has not been reported. Herein, we report the first asymmetric dicarboxylation of 1,3-dienes with CO2 via Cu catalysis. This strategy provides an efficient and environmentally benign route to chiral dicarboxylic acids with high regio-, chemo-, and enantioselectivities. The copper self-relay catalysis, that is, Cu-catalyzed boracarboxylation of 1,3-dienes to give carboxylated allyl boronic ester intermediates and subsequent carboxylation of C-B bonds to give dicarboxylates, is key to the success of this dicarboxylation. Moreover, this protocol exhibits broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, easy product derivatizations, and facile synthesis of chiral liquid crystalline polyester and drug-like scaffolds.

Long-term exposure to the mixture of phthalates induced male reproductive toxicity in rats and the alleviative effects of quercetin.

Phthalates (PEs), such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) could cause reproductive and developmental toxicities, while human beings are increasingly exposed to them at low-doses. Phytochemical quercetin (Que) is a flavonoid that has estrogenic effect, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. This study was conducted to assess the alleviative effect of Que. on male reproductive toxicity induced by the mixture of three commonly used PEs (MPEs) at low-dose in rats, and explore the underlying mechanism. Male rats were treated with MPEs (16 mg/kg/day) and/or Que. (50 mg/kg/d) for 91 days. The results showed that MPEs exposure caused male reproductive injuries, such as decreased serum sex hormones levels, abnormal testicular pathological structure, increased abnormal sperm rate and changed expressions of PIWIL1 and PIWIL2. Furthermore, MPEs also changed the expression of steroidogenic proteins in steroid hormone metabolism, including StAR, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, 17ß-HSD, CYP19A1. However, the alterations of these parameters were reversed by Que. MPEs caused male reproductive injuries in rats; Que. inhibited MPEs' male reproductive toxicity, which might relate to the improvement of testosterone biosynthesis.

Quaternary ammonium-tethered hyperbranched polyurea nanoassembly synergized with antibiotics for enhanced antimicrobial efficacy.

The effective transportation of antibiotics to bacteria embedded within a biofilm consisting of a dense matrix of extracellular polymeric substances is still a challenge in the treatment of bacterial biofilm associated infections. Here, we developed an antibiotic nanocarrier constructed from quaternary ammonium-tethered hyperbranched polyureas (HPUs-QA), which showed high loading capacity for a model antibiotic, rifampicin, and high efficacy in the transportation of rifampicin to biofilms. The rifampicin-loaded HPUs-QA nanoassembly (HPUs-Rif/QA) demonstrated a synergistic antimicrobial effect in killing planktonic bacteria and eradicating the corresponding biofilms. Compared to the treatment of bacteria-infected chronic wounds by either HPUs-QA or rifampicin alone, HPUs-Rif/QA showed superior efficacy in promoting wound healing by more effectively inhibiting bacteria colonization. This study highlights the potential of the HPUs-QA nanoassembly in synergistic action with antibiotics for the treatment of biofilm associated infections.

Molecular characteristic of mcr-1 gene in Escherichia coli from aquatic products in Guangdong, China.

OBJECTIVES: Aquatic ecosystems serve as a dissemination pathway and a reservoir of both antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of colistin-resistant mcr-like genes in Enterobacteriales in aquatic products, which may be contribute to the transfer of ARGs in water environments. METHODS: The mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli were recovered from 123 freshwater fish and 34 cultured crocodile cecum samples from 10 farmers' markets in Guangdong, China. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the agar dilution method. Genotyping was performed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Conjugation assay was carried out to investigate the transferability of mcr-1. Genomic information was obtained by whole genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS: Forty-four mcr-1 positive isolates showed co-resistance to tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and gentamicin, while they were all sensitive to tigecycline, meropenem, and amikacin. They were typed into sixteen PFGE clusters. ST10 and ST117 were the most popular sequence types, followed by ST1114. S1-PFGE verified the presence of the mcr-1 gene on plasmids in sizes of ∼60 kb (n = 1) and ∼240 kb (n = 3). Whole genome sequencing-based analysis identified mcr-1 integrated in IncHI2 plasmid (n = 3), IncI2 plasmid (n = 2), and bacterial chromosome in two copies (n = 1). In addition to mcr-1, they carried several other antibiotic resistance genes, such as blaCTX-M-14, fosA3, and aac(6')-Ib-cr. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that aquatic products are an important antibiotic resistance reservoir and highlight possible risks regarding food safety.

Human neural stem cells.

'Human neural stem cells' jointly drafted and agreed upon by experts from the Chinese Society for Stem Cell Research, is the first guideline for human neural stem cells (hNSCs) in China. This standard specifies the technical requirements, test methods, test regulations, instructions for use, labelling requirements, packaging requirements, storage requirements, transportation requirements and waste disposal requirements for hNSCs, which is applicable to the quality control for hNSCs. It was originally released by the China Society for Cell Biology on 30 August 2022. We hope that publication of the guideline will facilitate institutional establishment, acceptance and execution of proper protocols, and accelerate the international standardization of hNSCs for clinical development and therapeutic applications.

Human midbrain dopaminergic progenitors.

Human midbrain dopaminergic progenitors (mDAPs) are one of the most representative cell types in both basic research and clinical applications. However, there are still many challenges for the preparation and quality control of mDAPs, such as the lack of standards. Therefore, the establishment of critical quality attributes and technical specifications for mDAPs is largely needed. "Human midbrain dopaminergic progenitor" jointly drafted and agreed upon by experts from the Chinese Society for Stem Cell Research, is the first guideline for human mDAPs in China. This standard specifies the technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules, instructions for usage, labelling requirements, packaging requirements, storage requirements, transportation requirements and waste disposal requirements for human mDAPs, which is applicable to the quality control for human mDAPs. It was originally released by the China Society for Cell Biology on 30 August 2022. We hope that the publication of this guideline will facilitate the institutional establishment, acceptance and execution of proper protocols, and accelerate the international standardization of human mDAPs for clinical development and therapeutic applications.