Retrospectively evaluated preinjury personality traits influence postconcussion symptoms.

Postconcussion symptoms (PCS) are not uncommon following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Personality traits have always been viewed as one of the most important explanations for persistent postconcussion symptoms (PPCS). Unfortunately, studies on the association between preinjury personality traits and the PPCS are still limited. This study thus aimed to examine the relationship between the preinjury personality and PCS in patients with mTBI. A total of 106 participants including 53 healthy participants were recruited. All participants complete the modified Checklist of Postconcussion Symptoms and the Health, Personality, & Habit Scale. Participants were evaluated within 4 weeks and at 4 months, respectively, after injury. The results showed patients reported significantly more PCS than healthy participants did within 4 weeks postinjury. A significant positive association between PCS and retrospectively evaluated preinjury personality was found. Specifically, patients who reported that their preinjury personality was depressive or anxious-related presented more PCS. This study might be the first to directly demonstrate that preinjury personality traits are closely linked to PCS reporting in patients with mTBI. Importantly, PCS reporting might be associated with different personality traits at different periods after injuries, and thus, a careful evaluation for personality characteristics is merited after mTBI.

"Good-old-days" bias: a prospective follow-up study to examine the preinjury supernormal status in patients with mild traumatic brain injury.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: Postconcussion symptoms (PCS) are common following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). A psychological misperception, the "good-old-days" bias, has been indicated as one of the influencing factors on symptom reporting after injury. To date, this response bias has only been examined in a small number of cross-sectional studies. This study thus prospectively evaluated the "good-old-days" bias in patients with mTBI. RESEARCH DESIGN: A prospective follow-up study. METHOD AND PROCEDURES: Fifty-three patients with mTBI were recruited in this study. The PCS was evaluated by the modified Checklist of Postconcussion Symptoms (mCPCS) at 1 month post injury. Twenty-five patients were evaluated again at 3 months after injuries. In addition, 53 healthy participants were also evaluated for the PCS, and 23 of them underwent a second evaluation at 2 months after the first one. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Patients with mTBI showed significantly higher PCS reporting at 1 month post injury than healthy participants did, but not at 3 months post injury. Consistent with the "good-old-days" bias, patients remarkably underestimated their preinjury PCS at 1 month post injury. Interestingly, our results further revealed that this response bias diminished more at 3 months than at 1 month after mTBI. CONCLUSIONS: This study thus might be the first one to prospectively reveal the progression of the "good-old-days" bias in patients with mTBI.

Amino acid residues 253 and 591 of the PB2 protein of avian influenza virus A H9N2 contribute to mammalian pathogenesis.

We investigated the tropism, host responses, and virulence of two variants of A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/1997 (H9N2) (H9N2/G1) with D253N and Q591K in the PB2 protein in primary human macrophages and bronchial epithelium in vitro and in mice in vivo. Virus with PB2 D253N and Q591K had greater polymerase activity in minireplicon assays, induced more tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in human macrophages, replicated better in differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells, and was more pathogenic for mice. Taken together, our studies help define the viral genetic determinants that contribute to pathogenicity of H9N2 viruses.