ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The compartmentalization between early intervention services and early childhood special education programs is a worldwide phenomenon, which results in the fragmentation of services for preschoolers with special educational needs (SEN). AIMS: To address this fragmentation of services, an intervention program in Hong Kong adopted a comprehensive service delivery model with six characteristics: 1) multidisciplinary approach, 2) integration of services across different contexts, 3) multimodal intervention with direct and indirect services, 4) capacity building for systems, 5) inclusive environment, and 6) high program intensity. METHODS: The program evaluation was a quasi-experiment with a control group (n = 60) matched to the experimental group (n = 60). RESULTS: At the end of the school year, the experimental group made significant improvement in most measures including cognitive skills, receptive language skills, expressive language skills, gross-motor skills, fine-motor skills, and self-direction skills. School heads in the experimental group also agreed that the program had empowered their teachers and reinforced their school systems. CONCLUSION: Despite its exploratory nature, the study has shed light on the future directions of services for preschoolers with SEN. The comprehensive service delivery model offers a response to the fragmentation of services and reveals the importance of integration of services across different contexts with multidisciplinary approach.
Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/rehabilitation , Autism Spectrum Disorder/rehabilitation , Cognition , Developmental Disabilities/rehabilitation , Early Intervention, Educational/organization & administration , Education, Special/organization & administration , Language Development Disorders/rehabilitation , Language Development , Motor Skills , Case-Control Studies , Child, Preschool , Female , Hong Kong , Humans , Male , Program Evaluation , SchoolsABSTRACT
This study evaluated the effectiveness of adapted Taekwondo (TKD) training on skeletal development and motor performance in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). One hundred forty-five prepubertal children with DCD were allocated to either the TKD or control groups. Children in the TKD group participated in a weekly 1-hour adapted TKD intervention and daily TKD home exercises for 12 weeks. The primary outcome (delay in skeletal development) and secondary outcomes (Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) total impairment score, eye-hand coordination (EHC) scores, and a standing balance score) were measured at baseline, after the intervention and 3 months after the intervention. Skeletal development improved in both groups over time (p < 0.017). The TKD group had a significant delay in skeletal development at baseline compared to the control group (p = 0.003) but caught up with the controls at 3 months (p = 0.041). Improvements in the MABC scores were also seen in both groups across time (p < 0.017). Only the TKD group had a significant improvement in the EHC movement time at 3 (p = 0.009) and 6 months (p = 0.016). The adapted TKD intervention may be effective in improving the skeletal development and EHC movement time of children with DCD. For motor performance, the effect of maturation might be more profound.
Subject(s)
Exercise Therapy , Motor Skills Disorders/therapy , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Martial Arts , Movement , Postural Balance , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
This cross-sectional and exploratory study aimed to compare motor performance and electroencephalographic (EEG) attention levels in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and those with typical development, and determine the relationship between motor performance and the real-time EEG attention level in children with DCD.Eighty-six children with DCD [DCD: nâ=â57; DCD and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): nâ=â29] and 99 children with typical development were recruited. Their motor performance was assessed with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) and attention during the tasks of the MABC was evaluated by EEG.All children with DCD had higher MABC impairment scores and lower EEG attention scores than their peers (Pâ<â0.05). After accounting for age, sex, body mass index, and physical activity level, the attention index remained significantly associated with the MABC total impairment score and explained 14.1% of the variance in children who had DCD but not ADHD (Pâ=â0.009) and 17.5% of the variance in children with both DCD and ADHD (Pâ=â0.007). Children with DCD had poorer motor performance and were less attentive to movements than their peers. Their poor motor performance may be explained by inattention.
Subject(s)
Attention/physiology , Motor Skills Disorders/psychology , Psychomotor Performance , Case-Control Studies , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Electroencephalography , Female , Humans , Male , Motor Skills Disorders/diagnostic imaging , PsychometricsABSTRACT
The Abbott RealTime (RT) HCV assay targets the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the HCV genome. Here, we analyzed the sequence variability of the assay target regions from 1,092 specimens. Thermodynamic modeling of the percentage of primers/probes bound at the assay annealing temperature was performed to assess the potential effect of sequence variability. An analysis of this large data set revealed that the primer and probe binding sites of the RealTime HCV viral load assay are highly conserved and that naturally occurring sequence polymorphisms are not expected to discernibly impact assay performance.