ABSTRACT
Nϵ-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), an advanced glycation end product, is involved in vascular calcification (VC) in diabetic atherosclerosis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CML on VC in diabetic atherosclerosis induced by vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-derived foam cells. Human studies, animal studies and cell studies were performed. The human study results from 100 patients revealed a poor blood glucose and lipid status and more severe coronary lesions and stenosis in patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus. Intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin combined with a high-fat diet was used to build a diabetic atherosclerosis model in ApoE-/- mice. The animal study results indicated that CML accelerated VC progression in diabetic atherosclerosis by accelerating the accumulation of VSMC-derived foam cells in ApoE-/- mice. The cell study results illustrated that CML induced VSMC-derived foam cells apoptosis and aggravated foam cells calcification. Consistent with this finding, calcium content and the expression levels of alkaline phosphatase, bone morphogenetic protein 2 and runt-related transcription factor 2 were significantly elevated in A7r5 cells treated with oxidation-low-density lipoprotein and CML. Thus, we concluded that CML promoted VSMC-derived foam cells calcification to aggravate VC in diabetic atherosclerosis, providing evidence for the contribution of foam cells to diabetic VC.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To observe the T helper 1 and T helper 2 (Th1/Th2) balance and possible association to vascular endothelial cells injury in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). METHODS: Forty patients with ACS and 18 patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP) were included in this study. The concentrations of T helper 1/T helper 2 subsets related cytokines in plasma were evaluated by ELISA Kits. Cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or PBMCs depleted CD(+) T cells against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were evaluated by Cr51 cytotoxicity assay. RESULTS: Concentrations of T helper 1 related cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-2 were significantly higher [IFN-gamma: (131.2 +/- 42.2) ng/L vs. (47.6 +/- 20.2) ng/L; IL-2: (83.7 +/- 21.3) ng/L vs. (46.2 +/- 16.7) ng/L, all P < 0.05] while T helper 2 related cytokine IL-10 concentration was significantly lower [(16.7 +/- 4.3) ng/L vs. (27.5 +/- 5.5) ng/L, P < 0.05] in patients with ACS compared to those in SAP patients. Cytotoxic activity of PBMCs against HUVECs in patients with ACS was also significantly higher than that in patients with SAP (28.84% +/- 4.20% vs. 20.28% +/- 2.71%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with ACS, Th1 related cytokines were significantly upregulated while Th2 related cytokines were significantly downregulated. This imbalance of Th1/Th2 accelerated PBMCs mediated endothelium injury in patients with ACS.
