Functional modification of gut bacteria for disease diagnosis and treatment.

Intestinal bacteria help keep humans healthy by regulating lipid and glucose metabolism as well as the immunological and neurological systems. Oral treatment using intestinal bacteria is limited by the high acidity of stomach fluids and the immune system's attack on foreign bacteria. Scientists have created coatings and workarounds to overcome these limitations and improve bacterial therapy. These preparations have demonstrated promising outcomes, with advances in synthetic biology and optogenetics improving their focused colonization and controlled release. Engineering bacteria preparations have become a revolutionary therapeutic approach that converts intestinal bacteria into cellular factories for medicinal chemical synthesis. The present paper discusses various aspects of engineering bacteria preparations, including wrapping materials, biomedical uses, and future developments.

Global burden of skin and subcutaneous diseases and its association with socioeconomic status in children and adolescents: an analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019.

Skin and subcutaneous diseases are one of the most common problems affecting the health of children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the burden of skin and subcutaneous diseases among children and adolescents and its association with socioeconomic status. Data was obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The number of cases, incidence rate, number of deaths, and death rate in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019 were extracted and stratified by age, sex, and socioeconomic status. In 2019, the global incidence and death rates of skin and subcutaneous diseases in children and adolescents were 57966.98 (95% Uncertainty Interval [UI] 53776.15 to 62521.24) per 100,000 and 0.21 (95% UI 0.13 to 0.26) per 100,000, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, the global incidence rate increased by 5.80% (95% UI 4.82-6.72%) and the death rate decreased by 43.68% (95% UI 23.04-65.27%). The incidence and death rates were negatively correlated with socioeconomic status. Incidence rates were not different between females and males, but death rates were higher among females than males. The highest incidence and death rates were found in the 1-4-year age group and < 1-year age group, respectively. The global burden of skin and subcutaneous diseases in children and adolescents was characterized by regional imbalances. The global burden of skin and subcutaneous diseases in children and adolescents from poorer regions requires more attention. This study provides strong evidence for global policymaking for childhood and adolescent diseases.

MnFe2O4/MoS2 catalyst used for ozonation: optimization and mechanism analysis of phenolic wastewater treatment.

The performance of catalytic ability of MFe2O4/MoS2 in the ozonation process was investigated in this work. The synthesized MnFe2O4/MoS2 was optimize prepared and then characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy, and magnetic saturation strength. The results showed that when Cphenol = 200 mg/L, initial pH = 9.0, Q = 0.10 L/min, and CMnFe2O4/MoS2 = 0.10 g/L, MnFe2O4/MoS2 addition improved the degradation efficiency of phenol by 20.0%. The effects of pH, catalyst dosage, and inorganic ions on the phenol removal by the MnFe2O4/MoS2 catalytic ozonation were investigated. Five cycle experiments proved that MnFe2O4/MoS2 had good recyclability and stability. MnFe2O4/MoS2 also showed good catalytic performance in the treatment of coal chemical wastewater pesticide wastewater. The MnFe2O4 doped with MoS2 could provide abundant surface active sites for ozone and promote the stable cycle of Mn2+/Mn3+and Fe2+/Fe3+, thus generating large amounts of •OH and improving the degradation of phenol by ozonation. The MnFe2O4/MoS2/ozonation treatment system provides a technical reference and theoretical basis for industrial wastewater treatment.

Radical resection in a patient with stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer with the EGFR exon 19 deletion mutation after neoadjuvant targeted therapy with osimertinib: a case report.

Background: With the advent of targeted therapies, the survival rates of patients with locally advanced lung cancer have significantly improved. However, there is limited research on the efficacy of neoadjuvant targeted therapy in resectable advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with positive driver genes. This article reports a case of stage IIIA NSCLC with an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 19del mutation that successfully underwent radical lung cancer surgery following neoadjuvant targeted therapy. By observing the perioperative treatment outcomes and side effects in this patient, we aimed to provide insights and summarize experiences for treating similar cases in the future. Case Description: We report a case of a 54-year-old female diagnosed preoperatively with stage IIIA adenocarcinoma of the left upper lung (cT1cN2M0). The patient's course was complicated by acute sick sinus syndrome and was cured by implanting a permanent pacemaker. After multidisciplinary discussion, it was decided to administer neoadjuvant targeted therapy with osimertinib. Following 6 weeks of treatment, the tumor assessment showed partial response (PR), making the patient eligible for surgery. The patient underwent single-port thoracoscopic left upper lobectomy + mediastinal lymphadenectomy. Intraoperatively, the left hilar lymph nodes were found to be tightly adherent to the apical-anterior branch of the left upper pulmonary artery. The main trunk of the left pulmonary artery was temporarily occluded with a vascular clamp to safely dissect the left upper pulmonary artery. The procedure was completed without conversion to open thoracotomy, achieving an R0 resection. Postoperative pathology confirmed stage IIIA (ypT1bN2M0), and the patient continued adjuvant therapy with osimertinib. Conclusions: Neoadjuvant targeted therapy with osimertinib is expected to become one of the options for neoadjuvant therapy in locally advanced NSCLC with sensitizing EGFR mutations. And for those with advanced lung cancer involving tumors close to the hilum or mediastinal lymph node metastasis, preblocking of the left upper pulmonary artery can help improve surgical safety and better ensure R0 resection.

"Multidisciplinary fast-track" care can significantly reduce risk of mortality among hip fracture patients at least 80 years old: a single-center retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: "Multidisciplinary fast-track" (MFT) care can accelerate recovery and improve prognosis after surgery, but whether it is effective in older people after hip fracture surgery is unclear. METHODS: We retrospectively compared one-year all-cause mortality between hip fracture patients at least 80 years old at our institution who underwent hip fracture surgery between January 2014 and December 2018 and who then received MFT or conventional care. Multivariable regression was used to assess the association between MFT care and mortality after adjustment for confounders. RESULTS: The final analysis included 247 patients who received MFT care and 438 who received conventional orthopedic care. The MFT group showed significantly lower one-year mortality (8.9% vs. 14.4%, P = 0.037). Log-rank testing of Kaplan-Meier survival curves confirmed the survival advantage. However, the two groups did not differ significantly in rates of mortality during hospitalization or at 30 or 90 days after surgery. Regression analysis confirmed that MFT care was associated with lower risk of one-year mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.281-0.788, P = 0.04), and the survival benefit was confirmed in subgroups of patients with anemia (HR 0.453, 95% CI 0.268-0.767, P = 0.003) and patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists grade III (HR 0.202, 95% CI 0.08-0.51, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: MFT care can reduce one-year mortality among hip fracture patients at least 80 years old. This finding should be verified and extended in multi-center randomized controlled trials.

One-to-Nine Single Spectroscopic Intelligent Probe for Risk Assessment of Multiple Metals in Drinking Water.

26% of the world's population lacks access to clean drinking water; clean water and sanitation are major global challenges highlighted by the UN Sustainable Development Goals, indicating water security in public water systems is at stake today. Water monitoring using precise instruments by skilled operators is one of the most promising solutions. Despite decades of research, the professionalism-convenience trade-off when monitoring ubiquitous metal ions remains the major challenge for public water safety. Thus, to overcome these disadvantages, an easy-to-use and highly sensitive visual method is desirable. Herein, an innovative strategy for one-to-nine metal detection is proposed, in which a novel thiourea spectroscopic probe with high 9-metal affinity is synthesized, acting as "one", and is detected based on the 9 metal-thiourea complexes within portable spectrometers in the public water field; this is accomplished by nonspecialized personnel as is also required. During the processing of multimetal analysis, issues arise due to signal overlap and reproducibility problems, leading to constrained sensitivity. In this innovative endeavor, machine learning (ML) algorithms were employed to extract key features from the composite spectral signature, addressing multipeak overlap, and completing the detection within 30-300 s, thus achieving a detection limit of 0.01 mg/L and meeting established conventional water quality standards. This method provides a convenient approach for public drinking water safety testing.

Defluoridation by positive single-pulse current electrocoagulation from photovoltaic wastewater: energy consumption assessment and mechanism analysis.

The presence of fluoride ions (F-) in photovoltaic (PV) wastewater significantly affects the integrity of the ecological environment. In contrast to direct current electrocoagulation (DC-EC), positive single-pulse electrocoagulation (PSPC-EC) shows a significant reduction in both the formation of passivation films on electrodes and the consumption of electrical energy. Under the experimental conditions of an Al-Al-Al-Al electrode combination, an electrode spacing of 1.0 cm, a NaCl concentration of 0.05 mol·L-1, an initial pH of 5.6, an initial F- concentration of 5 mg·L-1, a current density of 5 A·m-2, a pulse frequency of 500 Hz, and a 40 % duty cycle, the achieved equilibrium F- removal efficiencies were 84.0 % for DC-EC and 88.0 % for PSPC-EC, respectively, accompanied by power consumption of 0.0198 kWh·mg-1 and 0.0073 kWh·mg-1. The flocs produced in the PSPC-EC process were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and it is revealed that the F- removal mechanisms in the PSPC-EC process include co-precipitation, hydrogen bond complexation, and ion exchange. When the actual PV wastewater was finally subjected to treatment under the optimal PSPC-EC conditions, the F- concentration in the wastewater was reduced from 4.6 mg·L-1 to 1.4 mg·L-1. This paper provides both a theoretical framework and a technological basis for the application of PSPC-EC in the advanced treatment of PV wastewater.

Stretchable and Self-Powered Mechanoluminescent Triboelectric Nanogenerator Fibers toward Wearable Amphibious Electro-Optical Sensor Textiles.

Flexible electro-optical dual-mode sensor fibers with capability of the perceiving and converting mechanical stimuli into digital-visual signals show good prospects in smart human-machine interaction interfaces. However, heavy mass, low stretchability, and lack of non-contact sensing function seriously impede their practical application in wearable electronics. To address these challenges, a stretchable and self-powered mechanoluminescent triboelectric nanogenerator fiber (MLTENGF) based on lightweight carbon nanotube fiber is successfully constructed. Taking advantage of their mechanoluminescent-triboelectric synergistic effect, the well-designed MLTENGF delivers an excellent enhancement electrical signal of 200% and an evident optical signal whether on land or underwater. More encouragingly, the MLTENGF device possesses outstanding stability with almost unchanged sensitivity after stretching for 200%. Furthermore, an extraordinary non-contact sensing capability with a detection distance of up to 35 cm is achieved for the MLTENGF. As application demonstrations, MLTENGFs can be used for home security monitoring, intelligent zither, traffic vehicle collision avoidance, and underwater communication. Thus, this work accelerates the development of wearable electro-optical textile electronics for smart human-machine interaction interfaces.

Surface nanocoating-based universal platform for programmed delivery of microorganisms in complicated digestive tract.

Microbial therapies have promising applications in the treatment of a broad range of diseases. However, effective colonization of the target region by therapeutic microorganisms remains a significant challenge owing to the complexity of the intestinal system. Here, we developed surface nanocoating-based universal platform (SNUP), which enabled the manipulation of controlled release and targeted colonization of therapeutic microbes in the digestive tract without the utilization of any targeting molecules. The system controlled the decomposition time of SNUP in the gut by regulating different modification layers and modification sequences on the microorganism's surface, so that the microorganism was released at a predetermined time and space. With the SNUP nanomodification technology, we could effectively deliver therapeutic microorganisms to specific complex intestinal regions such as the small intestine and colon, and protect the bioactivity of therapeutic microorganisms from destruction by both strong acids and digestive enzymes. In this study, we found that two layers SNUP-encapsulated Liiliilactobacillus salivarius (LS@CCMC) could efficiently colonize the small intestine and significantly improve the symptoms of a mouse model of Parkinson's disease through sustained secretion of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This surface nanocoating-based universal platform system does not require the design of specific targeting molecules, providing a simple and universal method for colonized microbial therapy, target theranostics, precision medicine, and personalized medicine.

2-Heptanol inhibits Botrytis cinerea by accelerating amino acid metabolism and retarding membrane transport.

During the postharvest storage of tomatoes, they are susceptible to infection by Botrytis cinerea, leading to significant economic losses. This study evaluated the antifungal potential of 2-heptanol (2-HE), a volatile biogenic compound, against B. cinerea and explored the underlying antifungal mechanism. The results indicated that 2-HE effectively suppressed the growth of B. cinerea mycelia both in vivo and in vitro and stimulated the activities of antioxidative enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in tomatoes. Furthermore, 2-HE reduced spore viability, compromised membrane integrity, and resulted in increased levels of extracellular nucleic acids, protein content, and membrane lipid peroxidation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that 2-HE disrupted the membrane transport system and enhanced amino acid metabolism, which led to intracellular nutrient depletion and subsequent B. cinerea cell death. Additionally, the 2-HE treatment did not negatively impact the appearance or quality of the tomatoes. In conclusion, the findings of this study offer insights into the use of 2-HE as a biocontrol agent in food and agricultural applications.

Molecular distinctions of bronchoalveolar and alveolar organoids under differentiation conditions.

The bronchoalveolar organoid (BAO) model is increasingly acknowledged as an ex-vivo platform that accurately emulates the structural and functional attributes of proximal airway tissue. The transition from bronchoalveolar progenitor cells to alveolar organoids is a common event during the generation of BAOs. However, there is a pressing need for comprehensive analysis to elucidate the molecular distinctions characterizing the pre-differentiated and post-differentiated states within BAO models. This study established a murine BAO model and subsequently triggered its differentiation. Thereafter, a suite of multidimensional analytical procedures was employed, including the morphological recognition and examination of organoids utilizing an established artificial intelligence (AI) image tracking system, quantification of cellular composition, proteomic profiling and immunoblots of selected proteins. Our investigation yielded a detailed evaluation of the morphologic, cellular, and molecular variances demarcating the pre- and post-differentiation phases of the BAO model. We also identified of a potential molecular signature reflective of the observed morphological transformations. The integration of cutting-edge AI-driven image analysis with traditional cellular and molecular investigative methods has illuminated key features of this nascent model.

2-Monoacylglycerol Mimetic Liposomes to Promote Intestinal Lymphatic Transport for Improving Oral Bioavailability of Dihydroartemisinin.

Purpose: Reducing the first-pass hepatic effect via intestinal lymphatic transport is an effective way to increase the oral absorption of drugs. 2-Monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) as a primary digestive product of dietary lipids triglyceride, can be assembled in chylomicrons and then transported from the intestine into the lymphatic system. Herein, we propose a biomimetic strategy and report a 2-MAG mimetic nanocarrier to target the intestinal lymphatic system via the lipid absorption pathway and improve oral bioavailability. Methods: The 2-MAG mimetic liposomes were designed by covalently bonding serinol (SER) on the surface of liposomes named SER-LPs to simulate the structure of 2-MAG. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) was chosen as the model drug because of its disadvantages such as poor solubility and high first-pass effect. The endocytosis and exocytosis mechanisms were investigated in Caco-2 cells and Caco-2 cell monolayers. The capacity of intestinal lymphatic transport was evaluated by ex vivo biodistribution and in vivo pharmacokinetic experiments. Results: DHA loaded SER-LPs (SER-LPs-DHA) had a particle size of 70 nm and a desirable entrapment efficiency of 93%. SER-LPs showed sustained release for DHA in the simulated gastrointestinal environment. In vitro cell studies demonstrated that the cellular uptake of SER-LPs primarily relied on the caveolae- rather than clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway and preferred to integrate into the chylomicron assembly process through the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi apparatus route. After oral administration, SER-LPs efficiently promoted drug accumulation in mesenteric lymphatic nodes. The oral bioavailability of DHA from SER-LPs was 10.40-fold and 1.17-fold larger than that of free DHA and unmodified liposomes at the same dose, respectively. Conclusion: SER-LPs improved oral bioavailability through efficient intestinal lymphatic transport. These findings of the current study provide a good alternative strategy for oral delivery of drugs with high first-pass hepatic metabolism.

Nutrient-delivery and metabolism reactivation therapy for melanoma.

To fulfil the demands of rapid proliferation, tumour cells undergo significant metabolic alterations. Suppression of hyperactivated metabolism has been proven to counteract tumour growth. However, whether the reactivation of downregulated metabolic pathways has therapeutic effects remains unexplored. Here we report a nutrient-based metabolic reactivation strategy for effective melanoma treatment. L-Tyrosine-oleylamine nanomicelles (MTyr-OANPs) were constructed for targeted supplementation of tyrosine to reactivate melanogenesis in melanoma cells. We found that reactivation of melanogenesis using MTyr-OANPs significantly impeded the proliferation of melanoma cells, primarily through the inhibition of glycolysis. Furthermore, leveraging melanin as a natural photothermal reagent for photothermal therapy, we demonstrated the complete eradication of tumours in B16F10 melanoma-bearing mice through treatment with MTyr-OANPs and photothermal therapy. Our strategy for metabolism activation-based tumour treatment suggests specific nutrients as potent activators of metabolic pathways.

Monolithically Structured van der Waals Materials for Volume-Polariton Refraction and Focusing.

Polaritons, hybrid light and matter waves, offer a platform for subwavelength on-chip light manipulation. Recent works on planar refraction and focusing of polaritons all rely on heterogeneous components with different refractive indices. A fundamental question, thus, arises whether it is possible to configure two-dimensional monolithic polariton lenses based on a single medium. Here, we design and fabricate a type of monolithic polariton lens by directly sculpting an individual hyperbolic van der Waals crystal. The in-plane polariton focusing through sculptured step-terraces is triggered by geometry-induced symmetry breaking of momentum matching in polariton refractions. We show that the monolithic polariton lenses can be robustly tuned by the rise of van der Waals terraces and their curvatures, achieving a subwavelength focusing resolution down to 10% of the free-space light wavelength. Fusing with transformation optics, monolithic polariton lenses with gradient effective refractive indices, such as Luneburg lenses and Maxwell's fisheye lenses, are expected by sculpting polaritonic structures with gradually varied depths. Our results bear potential in planar subwavelength lenses, integrated optical circuits, and photonic chips.

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Computed Tomography in Thoracoscopic Segmentectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVES: Thoracoscopic segmentectomy is the recommended treatment option for small peripheral pulmonary nodules. To assess the ability of preoperative 3D reconstruction CT to shorten the operative time and improve perioperative outcomes in thoracoscopic segmentectomy compared with standard chest CT, we conducted this randomized controlled trial. METHODS: The DRIVATS study was a multicentre, randomized controlled trial conducted in three hospitals between July 2019 and November 2023. Patients with small peripheral pulmonary nodules not reaching segments borders were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either 3D reconstruction CT or standard chest CT before thoracoscopic segmentectomy. The primary end-point was operative time. The secondary end-points included incidence of postoperative complications, intraoperative blood loss and operative accident event. RESULTS: A total of 191 patients were enrolled in this study: 95 in the 3D reconstruction CT group and 96 in the standard chest CT group. All patients underwent thoracoscopic segmentectomy except for one patient in the standard chest CT group who received a wedge resection. There is no significant difference in operative time between the 3D reconstruction CT group (median, 100 min [IQR, 85-120]) and the standard chest CT group (median, 100 min [IQR, 81-140]) (P = 0.82). Only one intraoperative complication occurred in the standard chest CT group. No significant difference was observed in the incidence of postoperative complications between the two groups (P = 0.52). Other perioperative outcomes were also similar. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with small peripheral pulmonary nodules not reaching segments borders, the use of 3D reconstruction CT in thoracoscopic segmentectomy was feasible, but it did not result in significant differences in operative time or perioperative outcomes compared to standard chest CT.

π-Diamond: A Diamondoid Superstructure Driven by π-Interactions.

Modulating the arrangement of superstructures through noncovalent interactions has a significant impact on macroscopic shape and the expression of unique properties. Constructing π-interaction-driven hierarchical three-dimensional (3D) superstructures poses challenges on account of limited directional control and weak intermolecular interactions. Here we report the construction of a 3D diamondoid superstructure, named π-Diamond, employing a ditopic strained Z-shaped building block comprising a porphyrin unit as bow-limb double-strapped with two m-xylylene units as bowstring. This superstructure, reminiscent of diamond's tetrahedral carbon composition, is composed of double-walled tetrahedron (DWT) driven solely by π-interactions. Hetero-π-stacking between porphyrin and m-xylylene panels drive the assembly of four building blocks predominantly into a DWT, which undergoes extension to create an adamantane unit and eventually a diamondoid superstructure wherein each porphyrin panel is shared by two neighboring tetrahedra through hetero-π-stacking. π-Diamond exhibits a solid-state fluorescent quantum yield 44 times higher than that of tetraphenylporphyrin along with excellent photocatalytic performance. The precise 3D directionality of π-interactions, achieved through strained multipanel building blocks, revolutionizes the assembly of hierarchical 3D superstructures driven by π-interactions.

Time-varying metasurface driven broadband radar jamming and deceptions.

Conventional radar jamming and deception systems typically necessitate the custom design of complex circuits and algorithms to transmit an additional radio signal toward a detector. Consequently, they are often cumbersome, energy-intensive, and difficult to operate in broadband electromagnetic environment. With the ongoing trend of miniaturization of various devices and the improvement of radar system performance, traditional techniques no longer meet the requirements for broadband, seamless integration, and energy efficiency. Time-varying metasurfaces, capable of manipulating electromagnetic parameters in both temporal and spatial domains, have thus inspired many contemporary research studies to revisit established fields. In this paper, we introduce a time-varying metasurface driven radar jamming and deception system (TVM-RJD), which can perfectly overcome the aforementioned intrinsic challenges. Leveraging a programmable bias voltage, the TVM-RJD can alter the spectrum distribution of incident waves, thereby deceiving radar into making erroneous judgments about the target's location. Experimental outcomes affirm that the accuracy deviation of the TVM-RJD system is less than 0.368 meters, while achieving a remarkable frequency conversion efficiency of up to 96.67%. The TVM-RJD heralds the expansion into a wider application of electromagnetic spatiotemporal manipulation, paving the way for advancements in electromagnetic illusion, radar invisibility, etc.

Lung transplantation, case anecdotes reconstruction for inadequate left atrial cuff on the donor side by aortic arch: A feasible case report.

Abnormalities in pulmonary vasculature or technical issues during lung procurement can lead to an insufficient left atrial (LA) cuff in donors. However, surgeons frequently need to reconfigure these less-than-ideal lungs for transplantation. This case report introduces a novel technique for such reconstruction. The patient was a 35-year-old male diagnosed with pneumoconiosis for over a year. Due to progressive worsening dyspnoea leading to respiratory failure on multiple occasions, he was deemed a candidate for lung transplantation. While obtaining the donor's lung, an inadvertent short cut of the LA cuff around the left inferior pulmonary vein orifice resulted in the residual vein retracting into the pulmonary hilum. To overcome this, we employed the aortic arch for reconstruction, enabling the successful completion of the lung transplantation. On post-transplantation day 2, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was no longer required. Mechanical ventilation ceased after 13 days, with the subsequent removal of a tracheostomy. The patient spent 35 days in the intensive care unit and 58 days in the hospital. Post-transplantation complications included primary graft dysfunction, acute kidney failure, pneumothorax in the transplanted lung, the clots in the inferior vena cava, and pneumonia. Remarkably, over a year of follow-up (19 months after lung transplantation), the patient reported no adverse events and had successfully returned to work. In this case, the aortic arch is an alternative for reconstructing an insufficient LA cuff.

Nanoparticles targeting OPN loaded with BY1 inhibits vascular restenosis by inducing FTH1-dependent ferroptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Vascular restenosis following angioplasty continues to pose a significant challenge. The heterocyclic trioxirane compound [1, 3, 5-tris((oxiran-2-yl)methyl)-1, 3, 5-triazinane-2, 4, 6-trione (TGIC)], known for its anticancer activity, was utilized as the parent ring to conjugate with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, resulting in the creation of the spliced conjugated compound BY1. We found that BY1 induced ferroptosis in VSMCs as well as in neointima hyperplasia. Furthermore, ferroptosis inducers amplified BY1-induced cell death, while inhibitors mitigated it, indicating the contribution of ferroptosis to BY1-induced cell death. Additionally, we established that ferritin heavy chain1 (FTH1) played a pivotal role in BY1-induced ferroptosis, as evidenced by the fact that FTH1 overexpression abrogated BY1-induced ferroptosis, while FTH1 knockdown exacerbated it. Further study found that BY1 induced ferroptosis by enhancing the NCOA4-FTH1 interaction and increasing the amount of intracellular ferrous. We compared the effectiveness of various administration routes for BY1, including BY1-coated balloons, hydrogel-based BY1 delivery, and nanoparticles targeting OPN loaded with BY1 (TOP@MPDA@BY1) for targeting proliferated VSMCs, for prevention and treatment of the restenosis. Our results indicated that TOP@MPDA@BY1 was the most effective among the three administration routes, positioning BY1 as a highly promising candidate for the development of drug-eluting stents or treatments for restenosis.