Lightweight, Elastic, and Superhydrophobic Multifunctional Organic-Inorganic Fibrous Aerogels for Efficient Oily Wastewater Purification and Electromagnetic Microwave Absorption.

Lightweight and robust aerogels with multifunctionality are highly desirable to meet the technological demands of current society. Herein, we designed lightweight, elastic, and superhydrophobic multifunctional organic-inorganic fibrous hybrid aerogels which were assembled with organic aramid nanofibers and inorganic hierarchical porous carbon fibers. Thanks to the organic-inorganic fiber hybridization strategy, the optimal aerogels possessed remarkable compressibility and elasticity. Benefiting from the microscopic hierarchical porous structure of carbon fibers and the macroscopic macroporous lamellar structure of aerogels, the optimal aerogels exhibited superb lightweight property, conspicuous electromagnetic microwave absorption ability, and outstanding oily wastewater purification capacity. As for electromagnetic microwave absorption, it achieved a strong reflection loss of -41.8 dB, and the effective absorption bandwidth reached 6.86 GHz. Besides, the oil adsorption capacity for trichloromethane reached as high as 93.167 g g-1 with a capacity retention of 95.6% after 5 cycles. Meanwhile, it could act as a gravity-driven separation membrane to continuously separate trichloromethane from a trichloromethane-water mixture with a high flux of 7867.37 L·m-2·h-1, even for surfactant-stabilized water-in-n-heptane emulsions of 3794.94 L·m-2·h-1. Such a strategy might shed some light on the construction of multifunctional aerogels toward broader applications.

Co-immobilization of ß-agarase and α-agarase for degradation of agarose to prepare bioactive 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose.

Agarose from biomass can be used to synthesize the rare sugar 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose (L-AHG), and the new synthesis route and functional properties of L-AHG have always been the focus of research. Here we developed a novel method to co-immobilize Aga50D and BpGH117 onto streptavidin-coated magnetic nanoparticles and achieved the conversion of agarose to bioactive L-AHG in one pot. Results showed that enzymes were successfully immobilized on the carrier. The activity of co-immobilized enzymes was 2.5-fold higher than that of single immobilized enzymes. Compared with free enzymes, co-immobilized enzymes exhibited enhanced thermal stability. The co-immobilized enzymes retained 79.45 % relative activity at 40 °C for 3 h, while the free enzymes only possessed 21.40 % residual activity. After eight cycles, the co-immobilized enzymes still retained 73.47 % of the initial activity. After silica gel chromatography, the purity of L-AHG obtained by co-immobilized enzymes hydrolysis reached 83.02 %. Furthermore, bioactivity experiments demonstrated that L-AHG displayed better antioxidant and antibacterial effects than neoagarobiose. L-AHG had broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, while neoagarobiose and D-galactose did not show an obvious antibacterial effect. This study provides a feasible method for the production of L-AHG by a co-immobilized multi-enzyme system and confirms that L-AHG plays a key role in the bioactivity of neoagarobiose.

In-Sublattice Carrier Transition Enabled Polarimetric Photodetectors with Reconfigurable Polarity Transition.

Miniaturized polarimetric photodetectors based on anisotropic two-dimensional materials attract potential applications in ultra-compact polarimeters. However, these photodetectors are hindered by the small polarization ratio values and complicated artificial structures. Here, a novel polarization photodetector based on in-sublattice carrier transition in the CdSb2Se3Br2/WSe2 heterostructure, with a giant and reconfigurable PR value, is demonstrated. The unique periodic sublattice structure of CdSb2Se3Br2 features an in-sublattice carrier transition preferred along Sb2Se3 chains. Leveraging on the in-sublattice carrier transition in the CdSb2Se3Br2/WSe2 heterostructure, gate voltage has an anisotropic modulation effect on the band alignment of heterostructure along sublattice. Consequently, the heterostructure exhibits a polarization-tunable photo-induced threshold voltage shift, which provides reconfigurable PR values from positive (unipolar regime) to negative (bipolar regime), covering all possible numbers (1→+∞/-∞→-1). Using this anisotropic photovoltaic effect, gate-tunable polarimetric imaging is successfully implemented. This work provides a new platform for developing next-generation highly polarimetric optoelectronics.

Recent Advances in Environment-Friendly Polyurethanes from Polyols Recovered from the Recycling and Renewable Resources: A Review.

Polyurethane (PU) is among the most universal polymers and has been extensively applied in many fields, such as construction, machinery, furniture, clothing, textile, packaging and biomedicine. Traditionally, as the main starting materials for PU, polyols deeply depend on petroleum stock. From the perspective of recycling and environmental friendliness, advanced PU synthesis, using diversified resources as feedstocks, aims to develop versatile products with excellent properties to achieve the transformation from a fossil fuel-driven energy economy to renewable and sustainable ones. This review focuses on the recent development in the synthesis and modification of PU by extracting value-added monomers for polyols from waste polymers and natural bio-based polymers, such as the recycled waste polymers: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), PU and polycarbonate (PC); the biomaterials: vegetable oil, lignin, cashew nut shell liquid and plant straw; and biomacromolecules: polysaccharides and protein. To design these advanced polyurethane formulations, it is essential to understand the structure-property relationships of PU from recycling polyols. In a word, this bottom-up path provides a material recycling approach to PU design for printing and packaging, as well as biomedical, building and wearable electronics applications.

Interface Engineering via Manipulating Solvation Chemistry for Liquid Lithium-Ion Batteries Operated ≥ 100 °C.

High-performance and temperature-resistant lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which are able to operate at elevated temperatures (i.e., >60 °C) are highly demanded in various fields, especially in military or aerospace exploration. However, their applications were  impeded by the poor electrochemical performance and unsatisfying safety issues, which was induced by the severe side reactions between electrolytes and electrodes at high temperatures. Herein, with the synergetic effects of solvation chemistry and functional additive in the elaborately designed weakly solvating electrolyte, a unique robust organic/inorganic hetero-interphase, composed of gradient F, B-rich inorganic components and homogeneously distributed Si-rich organic components, was successfully constructed on both cathodes and anodes, which would effectively inhibit the constant decomposition of electrolytes and dissolution of transition metal ions. As a result, both cathodes and anodes, without compromising their low-temperature performance, operate at temperatures ≥100 ℃, with excellent capacity retentions of 96.1 % after 500 cycles and 93.5% after ≥200 cycles, respectively, at 80 ℃. Ah-level LiCoO2||graphite full cells with a cut-off voltage of 4.3 V also exhibited superior temperature-resistance with a capacity retention of 89.9% at temperature as high as 120 ℃. Moreover, the fully charged pouch cells exhibited highly enhanced safety, demonstrating their potentials in practical applications at ultrahigh temperatures.

Necroptosis-Mediated Synergistic Photodynamic and Glutamine-Metabolic Therapy Enabled by a Biomimetic Targeting Nanosystem for Cholangiocarcinoma.

Targeted delivery of glutamine metabolism inhibitors holds promise for cholangiocarcinoma therapy, yet effective delivery vehicles remain a challenge. This study reports the development of a biomimetic nanosystem, termed R-CM@MSN@BC, integrating mesoporous organosilicon nanoparticles with reactive oxygen species-responsive diselenide bonds for controlled release of the glutamine metabolism inhibitor bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) ethyl sulfide (BPTES) and the photosensitizer Ce6. Erythrocyte membrane coating, engineered with Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides, not only enhanced biocompatibility but also improved tumor targeting and tissue penetration. Upon laser irradiation, R-CM@MSN@BC executed both photodynamic and glutamine-metabolic therapies, inducing necroptosis in tumor cells and triggering significant immunogenic cell death. Time-of-flight mass cytometry analysis revealed that R-CM@MSN@BC can remodel the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by polarizing M1-type macrophages, reducing infiltration of M2-type and CX3CR1+ macrophages, and decreasing T cell exhaustion, thereby increasing the effectiveness of anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 immunotherapy. This strategy proposed in this study presents a viable and promising approach for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.

Brain effect mechanism of lever positioning manipulation on LDH analgesia based on multimodal MRI: a study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: The clinical symptoms of Lumbar Disc Herniation (LDH) can be effectively ameliorated through Lever Positioning Manipulation (LPM), which is closely linked to the brain's pain-regulating mechanisms. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) offers an objective and visual means to study how the brain orchestrates the characteristics of analgesic effects. From the perspective of multimodal MRI, we applied functional MRI (fMRI) and Magnetic Resonance Spectrum (MRS) techniques to comprehensively evaluate the characteristics of the effects of LPM on the brain region of LDH from the aspects of brain structure, brain function and brain metabolism. This multimodal MRI technique provides a biological basis for the clinical application of LPM in LDH. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A total of 60 LDH patients and 30 healthy controls, matched by gender, age, and years of education, will be enrolled in this study. The LDH patients will be divided into two groups (Group 1, n = 30; Group 2, n = 30) using a random number table method. Group 1 will receive LPM treatment once every two days, for a total of 12 times over 4 weeks. Group 2 will receive sham LPM treatment during the same period as Group 1. All 30 healthy controls will be divided into Group 3. Multimodal MRI will be performed on Group 1 and Group 2 at three time points (TPs): before LPM (TP1), after one LPM session (TP2), and after a full course of LPM treatment. The healthy controls (Group 3) will not undergo LPM and will be subject to only a single multimodal MRI scan. Participants in both Group 1 and Group 2 will be required to complete clinical questionnaires. These assessments will focus on pain intensity and functional disorders, using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scoring systems, respectively. DISCUSSION: The purpose of this study is to investigate the multimodal brain response characteristics of LDH patients after treatment with LPM, with the goal of providing a biological basis for clinical applications. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05613179 , identifier: NCT05613179.

Interlayer Delocalized Electrons Activate Basal Plane for Ultrahigh-Current-Density Hydrogen Evolution.

The basal plane of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) is inert for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to its low-efficiency charge transfer kinetics. We propose a strategy of filling the van der Waals (vdW) layer with delocalized electrons to enable vertical penetration of electrons from the collector to the adsorption intermediate vertically. Guided by density functional theory, we achieve this concept by incorporating Cu atoms into the interlayers of tantalum disulfide (TaS2). The delocalized electrons of d-orbitals of the interlayered Cu can constitute the charge transfer pathways in the vertical direction, thus overcoming the hopping migration through vdW gaps. The vertical conductivity of TaS2 increased by 2 orders of magnitude. The TaS2 basal plane HER activity was extracted with an on-chip microcell. Modified by the delocalized electrons, the current density increased by 20 times, reaching an ultrahigh value of 800 mA cm-2 at -0.4 V without iR compensation.

Enhancing the performance of mode-pairing quantum key distribution by wavelength division multiplexing.

Mode-pairing quantum key distribution (MP-QKD) holds great promise for the practical implementation of QKD in the near future. It combines the security advantages of measurement device independence while still being capable of breaking the Pirandola-Laurenza-Ottaviani-Banchi bound without the need for highly demanding phase-locking and phase-tracking technologies for deployment. In this work, we explore optimization strategies for MP-QKD in a wavelength-division multiplexing scenario. The simulation results reveal that incorporation of multiple wavelengths not only leads to a direct increase in key rate but also enhances the pairing efficiency by employing our novel pairing strategies among different wavelengths. As a result, our work provides a new avenue for the future application and development of MP-QKD.

Human-Derived Induced GABAergic Progenitor Cells Improve Cognitive Function in Mice and Inhibit Astrocyte Activation with Anti-Inflammatory Exosomes.

OBJECTIVE: The role of gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) neuron impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and if and how transplantation of healthy GABAergic neurons can improve AD, remain unknown. METHODS: Human-derived medial ganglionic eminence progenitors (hiMGEs) differentiated from programmed induced neural precursor cells (hiNPCs) were injected into the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus (HIP). RESULTS: We showed that grafts migrate to the whole brain and form functional synaptic connections in amyloid precursor protein gene/ presenilin-1 (APP/PS1) chimeric mice. Following transplantation of hiMGEs, behavioral deficits and AD-related pathology were alleviated and defective neurons were repaired. Notably, exosomes secreted from hiMGEs, which are rich in anti-inflammatory miRNA, inhibited astrocyte activation in vitro and in vivo, and the mechanism was related to regulation of CD4+ Th1 cells mediated tumor necrosis factor (TNF) pathway. INTERPRETATION: Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that hiMGEs transplantation is an alternative treatment for neuronal loss in AD and demonstrate that exosomes with anti-inflammatory activity derived from hiMGEs are important factors for graft survival. ANN NEUROL 2024.

Integral sliding mode control and stability for Markov jump systems with structured perturbations and time-varying delay driven by fractional Brownian motion.

The issues of stability and sliding mode control (SMC) for time-varying delay Markov jump systems (MJSs) with structured perturbations constrained by fractional Brownian motion (fBm) are explored. First, constructing a novel Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional (LKF) with exponential terms that contain the double-integral term, the pth moment exponential stability conditions are derived by utilizing the generalized fractional Itoˆ formula and conditional mathematical expectation. Subsequently, by designing the innovative integral sliding mode surface (SMS) associated with time-varying delay and the SMC law, the state trajectories of the dynamic systems can reach the designed SMS within a finite time. Ultimately, the numerical experiment is executed to confirm and ensure the accuracy and reliability of the obtained results.

Assessing the causal relationship between immune cells and prostatitis: evidence from bidirectional mendelian randomization analysis.

Prostatitis represents a common disease of the male genitourinary system, significantly impacting the physical and mental health of male patients. While numerous studies have suggested a potential link between immune cell activity and prostatitis, the exact causal role of immune cells in prostatitis remains uncertain. This study aims to explore the causal relationship between immune cell characteristics and prostatitis using a bidirectional Mendelian randomization approach. This study utilizes data from the public GWAS database and employs bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis to investigate the causal relationship between immune cells and prostatitis. The causal relationship between 731 immune cell features and prostatitis was primarily investigated through inverse variance weighting (IVW), complemented by MR-Egger regression, a simple model, the weighted median method, and a weighted model. Ultimately, the results underwent sensitivity analysis to assess the heterogeneity, horizontal pleiotropy, and stability of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in immune cells and prostatitis. MR analysis revealed 17 immune cells exhibiting significant causal effects on prostatitis. In contrast, findings from reverse MR indicated a significant causal relationship between prostatitis and 13 immune cells. Our study utilizes bidirectional Mendelian Randomization to establish causal relationships between specific immune cell phenotypes and prostatitis, highlighting the reciprocal influence between immune system behavior and the disease. Our findings suggest targeted therapeutic approaches and the importance of including diverse populations for broader validation and personalized treatment strategies.

Experimental validation of an advanced impedance pneumography for monitoring ventilation volume during programmed cycling exercise.

Objective.Impedance pneumography (IP) has provided static assessments of subjects' breathing patterns in previous studies. Evaluating the feasibility and limitation of ambulatory IP based respiratory monitoring needs further investigation on clinically relevant exercise designs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of an advanced IP in ambulatory respiratory monitoring, and its predictive value in independent ventilatory capacity quantification during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET).Approach.35 volunteers were examined with the same calibration methodology and CPET exercise protocol comprising phases of rest, unloaded, incremental load, maximum load, recovery and further-recovery. In 3 or 4 deep breaths of calibration stage, thoracic impedance and criterion spirometric volume were simultaneously recorded to produce phase-specific prior calibration coefficients (CCs). The IP measurement during exercise protocol was converted by prior CCs to volume estimation curve and thus calculate minute ventilation (VE) independent from the spirometry approach.Main results.Across all measurements, the relative error of IP-derived VE (VER) and flowrate-derived VE (VEf) was less than 13.8%. In Bland-Altman plots, the aggregate VE estimation bias was statistically insignificant for all 3 phases with pedaling exercise and the discrepancy between VERand VEffell within the 95% limits of agreement (95% LoA) for 34 or all subjects in each of all CPET phases.Significance.This work reinforces the independent use of IP as an accurate and robust alternative to flowmeter for applications in cycle ergometry CPET, which could significantly encourage the clinical use of IP and improve the convenience and comfort of CPET.

The priming effect of emotional words on body expressions: Two ERP studies.

The impact of emotional words on the recognition of body expression and the underlying neurodynamic mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study used a classic supraliminal priming paradigm and event related potential (ERP) to investigate the effect of emotion-label words (experiment 1) and emotional verbs (experiment 2) on the recognition of body expressions. The behavioral results revealed that individuals exhibited a higher accuracy in recognizing happy expressions when presented with a happy-label word condition, in contrast to neutral expressions. Furthermore, it was observed that the accuracy of recognizing happy body expressions was reduced when preceded by angry verb priming, compared to happy and neutral priming conditions. Conversely, the accuracy of recognizing angry body expressions was higher in response to angry verb priming than happy and neutral primings. The ERP results showed that, in the recognition of happy body expressions, the P300 amplitude elicited by angry-label words was more positive, while a congruent verb-expression condition elicited more positive P300 amplitude than an incongruent condition in the left hemisphere and midline. However, in the recognition of angry body expressions, the N400 amplitude elicited by a congruent verb-expression condition was smaller than that elicited by an incongruent condition. These results suggest that both abstract emotion-label words and specific emotional verbs influence the recognition of body expressions. In addition, integrating happy semantic context and body expression might occur at the P300 stage, whereas integrating angry semantic context and body expression might occur at the N400 stage. These findings present novel evidence regarding the criticality of emotional context in the recognition of emotions.

Remote Activation of H-H Bonds by Platinum in Dilute Alloy Catalysts.

With heterogeneous catalysts, chemical promotion takes place at their surfaces. Even in the case of single-atom alloys, where small quantities of a reactive metal are dispersed within the main host, it is assumed that both elements are exposed and available to bond with the reactants. Here, we show, on the basis of in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy data, that in alloy catalysts made from Pt highly diluted in Cu the Pt atoms are located at the inner interface between the metal nanoparticles and the silica support instead. Kinetic experiments indicated that these catalysts still display better selectivity for the hydrogenation of unsaturated aldehydes to unsaturated alcohols than the pure metals. Density functional theory calculations corroborated the stability of Pt at the metal-support interface and explained the catalytic performance as being due to a remote lowering of the activation barrier for the dissociation of H2 at Cu sites by the internal Pt atoms.

Ten-year observation of corneal densitometry and associated factors following small incision lenticule extraction.

AIM: To investigate the long-term changes of corneal densitometry (CD) and its contributing elements after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE). METHODS: Totally 31 eyes of 31 patients with mean spherical equivalent of -6.46±1.50 D and mean age 28.23±7.38y were enrolled. Full-scale examinations were conducted on all patients preoperatively and during follow-up. Visual acuity, manifest refraction, axial length, corneal thickness, corneal higher-order aberrations, and CD were evaluated. RESULTS: All surgeries were completed successfully without complications or adverse events. Ten-year safety index was 1.17±0.20 and efficacy 1.04±0.28. CD value of 0-6 mm zones in central layer was statistically significantly lower 10y postoperatively, compared with preoperative values (0-2 mmΔ=-1.62, 2-6 mmΔ=-1.24, P<0.01). There were no correlations between CD values and factors evaluated. CONCLUSION: SMILE is a safe and efficient procedure for myopia on a long-term basis. CD values get lower 10y postoperatively, whose mechanism is to be further discussed.

A randomized trial of the inflammatory cytokines levels and the blood transfusion rate between miniaturized tubing group and conventional tubing group in congenital heart disease open heart surgeries.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to compare the inflammatory cytokines levels of the miniaturized and conventional extracorporeal circuit system. The miniaturized extracorporeal circuit system may be fewer possible inflammation-induced or blood transfusion-related complications. METHODS: We performed a prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) of 101 patients undergoing congenital heart surgery with CPB (cardiopulmonary bypass, weight ≤15 kg, age ≤2 years). Patients were divided into two different CPB groups randomly by random data form. Blood samples at five different time points and the ultrafiltration fluid before and after CPB were collected in all patients. IL-6, IL-8, and TNF alpha were respectively tested with Abcam ELISA kit. RESULTS: The IL-6 level of blood serum in two groups had no statistical differences between the two groups at all time points. The IL-8 level of blood serum in two groups had no statistical differences right after anesthesia and 5 min after CPB. However, IL-8 level was significantly higher in conventional extracorporeal circuit group than that in miniaturized extracorporeal circuit group at 6 h, 12 h and 24 h after CPB. Blood serum TNF alpha in conventional extracorporeal circuit group was significantly higher at 6 h after CPB than that in miniaturized extracorporeal circuit group. No statistical differences in TNF alpha were found between two groups right after anesthesia and at 5 min after CPB, 12 h and 24 h after CPB. In ultrafiltration fluid, no statistical differences were found in IL-6, IL-8 nor TNF alpha between two groups in all time. No statistical differences were found in ICU (intensive care unit) stay and mechanical ventilation time between the two groups. The blood transfusion rate was significantly lower in miniaturized extracorporeal circuit group. CONCLUSION: Implementing the miniaturized extracorporeal circuit system could decrease the inflammatory cytokines at a certain level. The blood transfusion rate is significantly lower in miniaturized extracorporeal circuit group This indicates the miniaturized extracorporeal circuit system might be a safer CPB strategy with fewer possible inflammation-induced or blood transfusion-related complications.

The predictive value of γ-glutamyl transferase to serum albumin ratio in hepatocellular carcinoma patients after liver transplantation.

Background: Elevated preoperative γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels or reduced serum albumin levels have been established as negative prognostic factors for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and various other tumors. Nonetheless, the prognostic significance of the GGT to serum albumin ratio (GAR) in liver transplantation (LT) therapy for HCC is still not well-defined. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 141 HCC patients who underwent LT at Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital from June 2017 to November 2020. Using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the optimal GAR cutoff value to predict outcomes following LT was assessed. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to identify independent risk factors associated with both overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Results: A GAR value of 2.04 was identified as the optimal cutoff for predicting both OS and RFS, with a sensitivity of 63.2% and a specificity of 74.8%. Among these patients, 80 (56.7%) and 90 (63.8%) met the Milan and the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) criteria, respectively. Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that microvascular invasion (MVI), maximum tumor size (>5 cm), total tumor size (>8 cm), liver cirrhosis, TNM stage (III), and GAR (≥2.04) were significantly associated with both postoperative OS and RFS in patients with HCC (all p < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that GAR (≥2.04) was independently linked with RFS and OS. Conclusion: Pre-transplant GAR ≥2.04 is an independent correlate of prognosis and survival outcomes after LT for HCC and can be used as a prognostic indicator for both mortality and tumor recurrence following LT.

Development and Evaluation of a Water-Free In Situ Depot Gel Formulation for Long-Acting and Stable Delivery of Peptide Drug ACTY116.

In situ depot gel is a type of polymeric long-acting injectable (pLAI) drug delivery system; compared to microsphere technology, its preparation process is simpler and more conducive to industrialization. To ensure the chemical stability of peptide ACTY116, we avoided the use of harsh conditions such as high temperatures, high shear mixing, or homogenization; maintaining a water-free and oxygen-free environment was also critical to prevent hydrolysis and oxidation. Molecular dynamics (MDs) simulations were employed to assess the stability mechanism between ACTY116 and the pLAI system. The initial structure of ACTY116 with an alpha helix conformation was constructed using SYBYL-X, and the copolymer PLGA was generated by AMBER 16; results showed that PLGA-based in situ depot gel improved conformational stability of ACTY116 through hydrogen bonds formed between peptide ACTY116 and the components of the pLAI formulation, while PLGA (Poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide)) also created steric hindrance and shielding effects to prevent conformational changes. As a result, the chemical and conformational stability and in vivo long-acting characteristics of ACTY116 ensure its enhanced efficacy. In summary, we successfully achieved our objective of developing a highly stable peptide-loaded long-acting injectable (LAI) in situ depot gel formulation that is stable for at least 3 months under harsh conditions (40 °C, above body temperature), elucidating the underlying stabilisation mechanism, and the high stability of the ACTY116 pLAI formulation creates favourable conditions for its in vivo pharmacological activity lasting for weeks or even months.

General synthesis of ionic-electronic coupled two-dimensional materials.

Two-dimensional (2D) AMX2 compounds are a family of mixed ionic and electronic conductors (where A is a monovalent metal ion, M is a trivalent metal, and X is a chalcogen) that offer a fascinating platform to explore intrinsic coupled ionic-electronic properties. However, the synthesis of 2D AMX2 compounds remains challenging due to their multielement characteristics and various by-products. Here, we report a separated-precursor-supply chemical vapor deposition strategy to manipulate the chemical reactions and evaporation of precursors, facilitating the successful fabrication of 20 types of 2D AMX2 flakes. Notably, a 10.4 nm-thick AgCrS2 flake shows superionic behavior at room temperature, with an ionic conductivity of 192.8 mS/cm. Room temperature ferroelectricity and reconfigurable positive/negative photovoltaic currents have been observed in CuScS2 flakes. This study not only provides an effective approach for the synthesis of multielement 2D materials with unique properties, but also lays the foundation for the exploration of 2D AMX2 compounds in electronic, optoelectronic, and neuromorphic devices.