Morphological development in the first life phase of Adriatic sturgeon Acipenser naccarii under controlled conditions.

Early development of the Adriatic sturgeon Acipenser naccarii from its free embryo after hatching (stage 36), until late embryo stage, when the transition to exogenous feeding starts (stage 45) is described. Special emphasis is given to morphological development and description of the different structures that are formed at each life stage. After hatching, free embryos still present embryonic characteristics, little pigmentation and an ovoid yolk sac. The mouth begins to open on the second day post hatch (dph) and is fully open at 3 dph. The head begins to separate from the body at 4 dph and straightens at 6 dph. The first fins to appear are the pectoral fins on the yolk sac and an embryological fin fold that extends from behind the head to the posterior part of the yolk sac. All other fins will develop from this fold. At 7 dph the caudal fin begins to take a heterocercal form and dorsal scutes are observed. This study provides information that will assist aquaculturists by establishing a reference for the normal development of A. naccarii, which may be useful for evaluating the suitability and quality of fish produced for restocking.

Intellectual disability and the prison setting.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of intellectual disability (ID) in the prison setting has scarcely been studied. Although some approximations or estimates regarding people with intellectual disabilities have been performed in Spain, there is little in the way of reliable data. OBJECTIVES: 1) To determine the prevalence of ID in a sample population in the residential modules of a Spanish prison, 2) Obtain data on the prevalence of ID in prison psychiatric units and hospitals. METHODS: 1) A TONI II test was performed on a sub-sample (n = 398) of a prevalence study in Spanish prisons to identify inmates with intellectual disabilities. 2) We reviewed the reports of the psychiatric department of Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu to establish the diagnosis at discharge of patients with a primary diagnosis of intellectual disability 3) Data from the Directorate General of Prisons on the prevalence of ID in Prison Psychiatric Hospitals was reviewed. RESULTS: The data obtained from the TONI II test found 3.77% of the study population has an IQ below 70, and 7.54 % has a borderline IQ rate. Assessment of penitentiary psychiatric hospitalization data showed these figures to be higher. CONCLUSIONS: The data from a Spanish prison population showed that ID levels were higher than those in the community, especially amongst prisoners requiring specialized psychiatric care. What is also evident is that adequate resources are required in prisons and in the community to provide better care for people with intellectual disabilities who are in the pathway of the criminal justice system.

La discapacidad intelectual y el ámbito penitenciario / Intelectural disability and the prison setting

Introducción: La prevalencia de discapacidad intelectual (DI) en el entorno penitenciario ha estado escasamente valorada. En España, a pesar de diversas aproximaciones o estimaciones no existen datos fiables respecto a las personas que sufren de DI. Objetivos: 1) Determinar la prevalencia de DI en una muestra de la población penitenciaria española, ubicada en módulos residenciales 2) Obtener datos sobre la prevalencia de DI en unidades y hospitales psiquiátricos penitenciarios. Métodos: 1) Se realizó una administración del TONI II en una submuestra (n: 398) de un estudio de prevalencia en cárceles españolas para identificar los internos con DI. 2) Se revisaron la memorias del Área Psiquiátrica Penitenciaria del Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu para determinar los pacientes con diagnostico principal de DI. 3) Se revisaron datos de documentos de la Dirección General de Instituciones Penitenciarias para obtener la prevalencia de discapacidad intelectual en los Hospitales Psiquiátricos Penitenciarios. Resultados: Los datos del TONI II fueron que un 3,77% de la población estudiada presenta un Coeficiente Intelectual (CI) por debajo de 70, y un 7,54% presentaba una inteligencia límite. Siendo mayores cuando valoramos la hospitalización psiquiátrica. Conclusiones: Los datos de DI en población penitenciaria presentan unas tasas elevadas, especialmente aquellos que precisan una atención psiquiátrica especializada. Lo que pone de relieve que son necesarios recursos (penitenciarios y comunitarios) para una mayor atención de las personas con DI durante el recorrido en el ámbito penal (AU)

Introduction: The prevalence of intellectual disability (ID) in the prison setting has scarcely been studied. Although some approximations or estimates regarding people with intellectual disabilities have been performed in Spain, there is little in the way of reliable data. Objectives: 1) To determine the prevalence of ID in a sample population in the residential modules of a Spanish prison, 2) Obtain data on the prevalence of ID in prison psychiatric units and hospitals. Methods: 1) A TONI II test was performed on a sub-sample (n = 398) of a prevalence study in Spanish prisons33 to identify inmates with intellectual disabilities. 2) We reviewed the reports of the psychiatric department of Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu to establish the diagnosis at discharge of patients with a primary diagnosis of intellectual disability 3) Data from the Directorate General of Prisons on the prevalence of ID in Prison Psychiatric Hospitals was reviewed. Results: The data obtained from the TONI II test found 3.77% of the study population has an IQ below 70, and 7.54% has a borderline IQ rate. Assessment of penitentiary psychiatric hospitalization data showed these figures to be higher. Conclusions: The data from a Spanish prison population showed that ID levels were higher than those in the community, especially amongst prisoners requiring specialized psychiatric care. What is also evident is that adequate resources are required in prisons and in the community to provide better care for people with intellectual disabilities who are in the pathway of the criminal justice system (AU)

Oportunidades perdidas para evitar latransmisión materno-infantil del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana; Uruguay 2005-2007 / Lost chances to avoid mother-to-child transmission of HIV; Uruguay 2005-2007

Introducción: a pesar de que Uruguay tiene un Programa Nacional de ITS.SIDA en el Ministerio de Salud Pública, que los servicios de salud son aparentemente accesibles a la población y que los antirretrovirales (ARV) son gratuitos para los tributarios del sub sectorpúblico, las cifras de transmisión vertical del VIH son inaceptablemente elevadas. Objetivo: analizar la existencia de oportunidades perdidas que hubieran evitado la infección.Material y método: análisis de las historias clínicas de los niños infectados nacidos en el período 1° de enero de 2005 al 31 de diciembre de 2007.Se analizaron las siguientes variables: momento del diagnóstico, control de embarazo, medicación recibida, vía de finalización, ARV durante el nacimiento y al recién nacido, amamantamiento. Se estudiaron, cuando fue posible, las condiciones psicológicas de las madres.Resultados: en ese período nacieron 264 hijos de madres infectadas con VIH; 13 resultaron infectados (transmisión vertical 4,9%). De las 13 mujeres, 11 no controlaron su embarazo, por lo que no recibieron ARV, dos no recibieron zidovudina (AZT) durante el nacimiento a pesar del diagnóstico por test rápido enel parto, y cuatro recién nacidos no recibieron AZT y amamantaron. Las condiciones sociales, económicas y culturales de las madres fueron de vulnerabilidad, ya que muchas de ellas estaban solas, consumían drogas, tenían problemas psicológicos y su cultura era escasa. Seis ejercían la prostitución.Dos murieron durante el primer año de vida de los niños. Dos de los padres estaban presos y uno de ellos murió en la cárcel. Conclusiones: es necesario implementar políticas que logren captar a las mujeres embarazadas pertenecientes a los estratos más humildes de la población. El test rápido debe realizarse en forma sistemática en los embarazos mal controlados. El equipo de salud debe estar más comprometido con esta enfermedad, casi totalmente evitable para los niños.

Despite Uruguay having a STD/HIV National Program under the Ministry of Health, health care services seemingly approachable, and antiretroviral drugs free for those in the public sub-sector, HIV vertical transmission figures are unacceptably high. Objective: to analyze the existence of lost opportunities that would have avoided infection. Method: the study examined the clinical records of infected children born between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2007. The following variables were analyzed: time of diagnosis, pregnancy follow-up, medication received, form ofchildbirth, antiretrovirals during birth and for the newborn, breastfeeding. Likewise, psychological condition ofmothers was studied, whenever possible.Results: during this period, 264 children were born of HIV-infected mothers; 13 were infected (vertical transmission4.9%). Out of 13 women, 11 of them had no prenatal followup, and thus were not administered antiretrovirals; two ofthem were not administered AZT during birth in spite of diagnosis made through a quick test upon delivery; and four newborns were not administered AZT and were breastfed. Mothers were under vulnerable social, economic andcultural conditions, since many of them were on their own, took drugs, had psychological problems and evidencedlittle education. Six of them worked in prostitution. Two of them died during the childÆs first year of life. Two of the fathers were in prison and one of them died in jail. Conclusions: policies that appeal to pregnant women in the lower economic sectors need to be drafted. Thequick test must be carried out systematically in pregnancies with poor prenatal follow-up. Health professionals must be more committed to this condition, almost completely avoidable for children.

Apesar da existência de um Programa Nacional de DTS.SIDA do Ministério de Saúde Pública do Uruguai, de serviços de saúde aparentemente acessíveis à população e que os medicamentos anti-retrovirais (ARV) são gratuitos para as pessoas que utilizam o sub-setor público de atenção de saúde, as cifras de transmissão vertical de VIH são altas e inaceitáveis. Objetivo: analisar a existência de oportunidades perdidasque poderiam evitar a infecção.Material e método: análise dos prontuários de paciente das crianças infectadas nascidas no período 1° dejaneiro de 2005 a 31 de dezembro de 2007. As seguintes variáveis foram analisadas: momento do diagnóstico, controle da gravidez, medicamentosrecebidos, via de terminação, ARV durante o nascimento ao recém-nascido, aleitamento. Quando foi possível, ascondições psicológicas da mãe foram estudadas. Resultados: no período estudado nasceram 264 filhos de mães infectadas com VIH; 13 foram infectados(transmissão vertical 4.9%). Das 13 mulheres, 11 não controlaram sua gravidez, por tanto não receberam medicamentos ARV, os recémnascidosnão receberam zidovudina (AZT) durante o nascimento apesar do diagnóstico por teste rápido no parto, e quatro recém- nascidos não receberam AZT e foram amamentados. As condições sociais, econômicas e culturais das mãesforam de vulnerabilidade, pois muitas estavam sozinhas, eram consumidoras de drogas, apresentavam problemas psicológicos e tinham pouca cultura. Seis exerciam a prostituição. Duas morreram durante o primeiro ano de vida das crianças. Dois pais estavam presos e um deles morreu na prisão.Conclusões: é necessário implementar políticas que captem as gestantes dos estratos mais humildes da população. O teste rápido deve ser realizado de forma sistemática nas mulheres que não controlaram sua gestação. A equipe de saúde deve estar mais comprometida com essa patologia, praticamente evitável para as crianças.

Etiología de la neumonía bacteriana adquirida en la comunidad en niños hospitalizados: Uruguay 1998-2004 / Etiology of community acquired pneumonia in inpatients children: Uruguay 1998-2004

La neumonía bacteriana adquirida en la comunidad representa en promedio 8,7 por ciento de los egresos de niños bajo 15 años de edad asistidos en el Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell; desde 1997 se aplican guías para su diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se estudió la evolución de la etiología de esta enfermedad en los niños hospitalizados en dicho hospital en el período 1998-2004. Streptococcus pneumoniae fue el agente más frecuente todos los años, 91,4 ± 2,3 por ciento. Su susceptibilidad a penicilina permaneció sin cambios; los serotipos más frecuentes fueron: 14, 1 y 5. En el año 2002 se identificó el primer caso de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina adquirido en comunidad; este agente representó 5,8 por ciento de los aislados en 2003 y 6,3 por ciento en 2004. Es necesario mantener la vigilancia de la etiología de la neumonía bacteriana adquirida en la comunidad para adecuar las guías de diagnóstico y tratamiento a los cambios en los agentes y su susceptibilidad a los antimicrobianos.

Community acquired bacterial pneumonia represents 8.7 percent of overall discharges of children under 15 years old in the Pediatric Hospital of the Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell; since 1997 treatment guidelines are being applied. Changes in etiology of this disease in children hospitalized in our institution from 1998 to 2004 were studied. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most frequent agent in every year of the period, 91.4 ± 2.3 percent; its susceptibility to penicillin has remained stable; serotypes 14, 1 and 5 were the most frequent isolated. In 2002 the first case of community acquired methicillin resistant S. aureus was identified; isolations of this microorganism were 5.8 percent in 2003 and 6.3 percent in 2004. Surveillance of etiology of community acquired pneumonia is mandatory in order to adjust guidelines to changes in agents and their antimicrobial susceptibility.

Mutagenesis in multinucleate cells: the effects of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on Phycomyces spores.

Multinucleate cells, such as the spores of the fungus Phycomyces, are unsuitable for the isolation of recessive mutants. Nuclear killing by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (henceforth nitrosoguanidine) eliminates all but one of the nuclei in some of the cells and allows the expression of recessive mutations. Even in the best conditions, only about 35% of the survivors have a single functional nucleus. Functionally uninucleate cells can be positively selected. This involves the exposure to nitrosoguanidine of the spores of a heterokaryon and selection for a recessive marker present in a small fraction of its nuclei. The optimal conditions for nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis in Phycomyces differ from those for bacteria and yeast. Buffer composition and pH are less important than in other organisms. Survival is an exponential function and mutation induction a linear function of the dose of the mutagen (concentration X time). Spore germination leads to an immediate increase in the number of gene copies per cell, thus further hindering the expression of recessive mutations; dominant mutations are then nearly always isolated in heterokaryotic form.