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2.
Rev Panam Salud Publica ; 16(3): 211-7, 2004 Sep.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15507190

ABSTRACT

From the data submitted to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) by nationwide programs against sexually transmitted diseases (STD), HIV infection, and AIDS (2002), one can estimate the overall prevalence of syphilis among pregnant women to be 3.1% and to range from 1.00% in Peru to 6.21% in Paraguay. According to these data, the incidence of congenital syphilis ranges from 1.4 per 1000 live births in El Salvador to 12.0 per 1000 live births in Honduras. Among men who engage in sex with other men, who often classify themselves as heterosexual, as well as in female sex workers, the prevalence of syphilis ranged from 5% to 15%. Factors that determine the persistence of congenital syphilis as public health problem include a lack of awareness of the seriousness of the problem among politicians, health officials, and health care providers, difficult access to prenatal care, and screening services, a low demand for the test among users, and the stigma and discrimination that surround sexually transmitted diseases (STD). This paper seeks to focus the attention of health professionals on maternal and congenital syphilis so they will undertake actions, using an interprogrammatic approach, to eliminate congenital syphilis from Latin America and the Caribbean. Eliminating congenital syphilis will only become possible if interventions targeting vulnerable groups are also implemented. PAHO's role in eliminating congenital syphilis includes determining the baseline situation in the Region as a whole and in each country, developing communication and procurement strategies, supporting nationwide programs, promoting operational research, and facilitating interprogrammatic coordination.


Subject(s)
Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology , Syphilis, Congenital/epidemiology , Syphilis/epidemiology , Adult , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Female , Fetal Death/epidemiology , Fetal Death/etiology , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical , Latin America/epidemiology , Pan American Health Organization , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy , Prenatal Care , Risk Factors , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Syphilis/drug therapy , Syphilis/prevention & control , Syphilis/transmission , Syphilis, Congenital/prevention & control , World Health Organization
3.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 16(3): 211-217, set. 2004. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-393457

ABSTRACT

From the data submitted to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) by nationwide programs against sexually transmitted diseases (STD), HIV infection, and AIDS (2002), one can estimate the overall prevalence of syphilis among pregnant women to be 3.1 percent and to range from 1.00 percent in Peru to 6.21 percent in Paraguay. According to these data, the incidence of congenital syphilis ranges from 1.4 per 1 000 live births in El Salvador to 12.0 per 1 000 live births in Honduras. Among men who engage in sex with other men, who often classify themselves as heterosexual, as well as in female sex workers, the prevalence of syphilis ranged from 5 percent to 15 percent. Factors that determine the persistence of congenital syphilis as a public health problem include a lack of awareness of the seriousness of the problem among politicians, health officials, and health care providers, difficult access to prenatal care and screening services, a low demand for the test among users, and the stigma and discrimination that surround sexually transmitted diseases (STD). This paper seeks to focus the attention of health professionals on maternal and congenital syphilis so they will undertake actions, using an interprogrammatic approach, to eliminate congenital syphilis from Latin America and the Caribbean. Eliminating congenital syphilis will only become possible if interventions targeting vulnerable groups are also implemented. PAHO's role in eliminating congenital syphilis includes determining the baseline situation in the Region as a whole and in each country, developing communication and procurement strategies, supporting nationwide programs, promoting operational research, and facilitating interprogrammatic coordination.


Subject(s)
Syphilis , Syphilis, Congenital , Latin America
6.
AIDS ; 16 Suppl 3: S3-12, 2002 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12685919

ABSTRACT

The paper presented is a review of the available epidemiological data on the situation in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region, and looks at HIV prevalence in specific population groups. At the end of 2001, HIV remains an important health issue in the LAC region. Twelve countries in the region have an estimated prevalence of 1% or higher among pregnant women. Most of the LAC countries with generalized epidemics are located in the Caribbean basin. In the past decade there has been a slow but continuous increase in HIV prevalence rates among the general population and vulnerable groups, although information in some countries is limited. In many countries, the highest HIV prevalence among vulnerable groups is found among men who have sex with men. HIV infections related to injecting drug use are concentrated in the countries of the Southern Cone and Brazil. HIV is well anchored in the region, concentrated in vulnerable groups in most countries, but with an increasing presence in some countries in the general population. There is a need to improve data collection and introduce new tools to monitor behavior trends and the impact of interventions.


Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission , Adolescent , Adult , Caribbean Region/epidemiology , Epidemiologic Methods , Female , HIV Infections/transmission , Homosexuality, Male , Humans , Incidence , Latin America/epidemiology , Male , Population Surveillance , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Sex Work , Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology , Transients and Migrants
7.
AIDS ; 16 Suppl 3: S18-22, 2002 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12685921

ABSTRACT

Estimates of HIV/AIDS prevalence are important, because they are the primary measure of the current state of the epidemic in a country. How estimates of HIV/AIDS are made depends on the level of the epidemic. For estimates of HIV/AIDS prevalence in low-level and concentrated epidemics it is necessary to disaggregate the total adult population into sub-groups based on the relative risk of infection. For each group, the major issues and questions are: identifying risk groups, estimating the size of the populations, and estimating HIV prevalence in these groups. The greatest difficulty in making estimates of prevalence in low-level and concentrated epidemics is often establishing the size of various populations. Because of the uncertainty inherent in making an estimate of population size for these groups at high risk, low and high estimates are used. In order to demonstrate the method the case of Honduras was used. The most recent HIV prevalence data and the estimates of population sizes were applied. It was estimated that Honduras, which has a total population of 6,575,000 (United Nations Population Division sources), has approximately 55,000 adults living with HIV/AIDS, with a range of uncertainty between 30,000 and 80,000. Estimations of the burden of HIV is a continuous process and should be updated on a regular basis according to the most recent and relevant information available.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Heterosexuality , Homosexuality, Male , Honduras/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Population Density , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Safe Sex , Sex Work , Sexual Partners
8.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 7(4): 249-254, abr. 2000. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-264873

ABSTRACT

Se presenta una comparación de las tasas de participación y de las razones de la falta de respuesta en encuestas realizadas en cinco países de América Latina y el Caribe con el objetivo de medir la prevalencia de comportamientos de riesgo que determinan la transmisión del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Dichas encuestas se basaron en muestras probabilísticas de la población de ambos sexos comprendida entre 15 y 49 años de edad, excepto en México, donde se estudió solo a los hombres. Se estimaron tres componentes de la participación: las proporciones de viviendas entrevistadas, de viviendas entrevistadas con personas elegibles y de personas elegibles que cumplimentaron la entrevista. Además, se calculó un índice global que combinaba los tres componentes. La tasa global de respuesta osciló entre 35,6 por ciento en México y 81,4 por ciento en Chile, y el componente de esta tasa con mayor variabilidad fue la participación de personas elegibles, que varió entre 50 por ciento en México y 95 por ciento en Cuba. Estos valores fueron más bajos de lo esperado, sobre todo en los hombres, y servirán de orientación para futuras encuestas, ya que se deberán considerar tasas de rechazo mayores de las previstas en el protocolo. Los resultados permiten inferir la validez de las estimaciones de la prevalencia de los diversos comportamientos de riesgo observados y establecen una referencia para calcular el tamaño muestral de futuras encuestas y mejorar la metodología de la investigación


This study compares participation rates and reasons for nonresponse in surveys conducted in five countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. The objective of the surveys was to measure the prevalence of risk behaviors affecting the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. The surveys were based on probability samples of the population of both sexes between 15 and 49 years old, except in Mexico, where only men were included. Proportions of three components of participation were estimated: residences interviewed, interviewed residences with eligible persons, and eligible persons who completed the interview. In addition, an overall index that combined the three components was calculated. The overall response rate ranged from 35.6% in Mexico to 81.4% in Chile. The component with the greatest variability was the participation of eligible persons, which ranged from 50% in Mexico to 95% in Cuba. These values were lower than what had been expected, especially among men, and will serve to guide future surveys, since rejection rates higher than the ones expected in the protocol should be considered. The results make it possible to infer the validity of the prevalence estimates for the various observed risk behaviors. The results also establish a benchmark to calculate the sample size in future surveys and to improve research methodology


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Risk-Taking , Sexually Transmitted Diseases , HIV , Research , Data Collection , Public Health , Latin America
9.
Article in Spanish | PAHO | ID: pah-32696

ABSTRACT

Se presenta una comparación de las tasas de participación y de las razones de la falta de respuesta en encuestas realizadas en cinco países de América Latina y el Caribe con el objetivo de medir la prevalencia de comportamientos de riesgo que determinan la transmisión del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Dichas encuestas se basaron en muestras probabilísticas de la población de ambos sexos comprendida entre 15 y 49 años de edad, excepto en México, donde se estudió solo a los hombres. Se estimaron tres componentes de la participación: las proporciones de viviendas entrevistadas, de viviendas entrevistadas con personas elegibles y de personas elegibles que cumplimentaron la entrevista. Además, se calculó un índice global que combinaba los tres componentes. La tasa global de respuesta osciló entre 35,6 por ciento en México y 81,4 por ciento en Chile, y el componente de esta tasa con mayor variabilidad fue la participación de personas elegibles, que varió entre 50 por ciento en México y 95 por ciento en Cuba. Estos valores fueron más bajos de lo esperado, sobre todo en los hombres, y servirán de orientación para futuras encuestas, ya que se deberán considerar tasas de rechazo mayores de las previstas en el protocolo. Los resultados permiten inferir la validez de las estimaciones de la prevalencia de los diversos comportamientos de riesgo observados y establecen una referencia para calcular el tamaño muestral de futuras encuestas y mejorar la metodología de la investigación


Subject(s)
Research , Public Health , Data Collection/statistics & numerical data , Risk-Taking , Sexually Transmitted Diseases , HIV , Latin America
11.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 6(5): 362-370, nov. 1999. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-264706

ABSTRACT

Las enfermedades de transmisión sexual (ETS) constituyen un problema de salud pública con importantes consecuencias y secuelas que incluyen la enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica, la infertilidad, el carcinoma cervical y los desenlaces adversos del embarazo. En la última década, la estrecha asociación entre la presencia de ETS y el aumento del riesgo de transmisión sexual del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana ha renovado el interés por la prevención y control de las ETS. Sin embargo, en América Latina y el Caribe, la información epidemiológica sobre la magnitud del problema de las ETS es escasa y, en general, está limitada a un pequeño número de estudios y a datos oficiales incompletos de los países de la zona. Tras una cuidadosa revisión de la literatura y un análisis de los datos que posee la Organización Mundial de la Salud sobre cada país, hemos estimado la prevalencia e incidencia en América Latina y el Caribe de cuatro ETS curables (sífilis, gonorrea, infección por clamídias y tricomoniasis) en hombres y mujeres de 15 a 49 años de edad. Para ello se utilizaron parámetros tales como la duración de la infección, la estimación de los pacientes tratados frente a los no tratados y los datos de población. En 1996, el número estimado de casos en América Latina y el Caribe fue de 1,3 millones para la sífilis, de 7,1 millones para la gonorrea, de 10,0 millones para las infecciones clamidiales y de 17,7 millones para la tricomoniasis. Con una cifra estimada total que, en el mejor de los casos, es superior a 36 millones de casos anuales, las ETS tratables parecen constituir un importante problema de salud pública en la zona


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Trichomonas Vaginitis , Gonorrhea , Sexually Transmitted Diseases , Syphilis , Latin America , Caribbean Region
12.
Rev. panam. salud publica ; 6(5): 362-370, Nov. 1999. ilus, tab
Article in English | MedCarib | ID: med-16922

ABSTRACT

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have long been known for their great impact on health. In 1995, there were an estimated 333 million new cases of curable STDs among adults around the world (1). The prevalence of STDs in many developing countries, including those of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), is extremely high. In the AIDS era there is an urgent need to adequately control and manage these diseases. A delay in diagnosing and treating STDs can lead to chronic complications and irreversible sequelae. Women and children suffer the main consequences. In women, the most serious consequences are acute and chronic pelvic inflammatory diseases, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and cervical cancer. Infection during pregnancy may cause spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, prematurity, low birthweight, congenital syphilis, and opthalmia neonatorum. There is an urgent need to improve STD surveillance and prevention in the LAC nations. This paper intends to help in that effort by reviewing relevant STD prevalence and incidence of gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis in Latin America and the Caribbean (AU)

13.
Article in English | PAHO | ID: pah-32232

ABSTRACT

Las enfermedades de transmisión sexual (ETS) constituyen un problema de salud pública con importantes consecuencias y secuelas que incluyen la enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica, la infertilidad, el carcinoma cervical y los desenlaces adversos del embarazo. En la última década, la estrecha asociación entre la presencia de ETS y el aumento del riesgo de transmisión sexual del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana ha renovado el interés por la prevención y control de las ETS. Sin embargo, en América Latina y el Caribe, la información epidemiológica sobre la magnitud del problema de las ETS es escasa y, en general, está limitada a un pequeño número de estudios y a datos oficiales incompletos de los países de la zona. Tras una cuidadosa revisión de la literatura y un análisis de los datos que posee la Organización Mundial de la Salud sobre cada país, hemos estimado la prevalencia e incidencia en América Latina y el Caribe de cuatro ETS curables (sífilis, gonorrea, infección por clamídias y tricomoniasis) en hombres y mujeres de 15 a 49 años de edad. Para ello se utilizaron parámetros tales como la duración de la infección, la estimación de los pacientes tratados frente a los no tratados y los datos de población. En 1996, el número estimado de casos en América Latina y el Caribe fue de 1,3 millones para la sífilis, de 7,1 millones para la gonorrea, de 10,0 millones para las infecciones clamidiales y de 17,7 millones para la tricomoniasis. Con una cifra estimada total que, en el mejor de los casos, es superior a 36 millones de casos anuales, las ETS tratables parecen constituir un importante problema de salud pública en la zona


Subject(s)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases , Syphilis , Gonorrhea , Trichomonas Vaginitis , Latin America , Caribbean Region
16.
Washington, D.C; Pan Américan Health Organization; 1999. 35 p. ilus.(PAHO. HIV/AIDS Building Block series).
Monography in English | LILACS | ID: lil-380770
17.
Washington, D.C; Pan American Health Organization; 1999. 35, ilus p. (PAHO. HIV/AIDS Building Block series).
Monography in English | PAHO | ID: pah-226433
18.
Washington, D.C; Organización Panamericana de la Salud; 1999. 36, ilus p.
Monography in Spanish | PAHO | ID: pah-226608

Subject(s)
Women , Women's Health
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