A new genus and endangered species of euptychiine butterfly from isolated mountains in southeastern Brazil (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae).

Agojie rupicola gen. et sp. nov., a new genus and species of Euptychiina from the campos rupestres and granitic inselbergs of eastern Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, is herein described using comparative morphology and ecological data. Diagnoses, photos, and illustrations are also provided, in addition to a discussion on the putative systematic placement of the new taxa and its conservation status. Considering the collecting points, the estimated value for the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 100.263 km2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 20 km2, which combined with the reduced number of localities in which the species is known to occur, and the observed continuing decline of the quality of the habitat, we recommend that A. rupicola gen. et sp. nov. should be formally assessed as Endangered based on criteria B1+2(a,biii) of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The results presented here add to the increasing faunistic and floristic novelties that justify the priority for the conservation of these still scientifically underexplored Brazilian mountains.

A new euptychiine butterfly species from south Brazil and taxonomic rearrangements for Taydebis Freitas, 2013 and Hermeuptychia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae).

A new species of Taydebis Freitas, 2003 from south Brazil is described using comparative morphology and species distributions. Also, based on morphology, we transfer Neonympha melobosis Capronnier, 1874 (formerly placed in Paryphthimoides Forster, 1964) to Taydebis, and recognize Euptychia peculiaris Butler, 1874 as its junior synonym (syn. nov.). Furthermore, the monotypic Prenda Freitas Mielke, 2011 is herein treated as junior synonym of Taydebis based on morphology, molecular and ecological evidence. Species of Taydebis are endemic and restricted to south Brazil, and now comprises three species: Taydebis guria Zacca, Casagrande Mielke sp. nov., T. melobosis comb. nov. and T. clarissa Freitas Mielke comb. nov. To continue clarifying Euptychiina taxonomy, Euptychia undulata Butler, 1867 (also formerly placed in Paryphthimoides) is transferred to Hermeuptychia Forster, 1964, and we provide additional information on its taxonomy, morphology, and distribution. Diagnoses, illustrations, and distributional maps are provided for all taxa except T. clarissa comb. nov.

A new species of butterfly (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the highlands of Southeastern Brazil.

A new species of the butterfly satyrine subtribe Euptychiina is described: Carminda surpresa sp. nov. This species is apparently restricted to high altitude wet grasslands in southeastern Brazil. The description is based on morphological features, mainly from the wings, and male and female genitalia, and molecular data were also obtained and are used to validate the new species. Information about the geographic distribution, habitat and immature stages morphology is also provided. The systematic position of C. surpresa sp. nov. is discussed based on a molecular analysis which includes all described species of Carminda in addition to other species of Satyrinae.

Revalidation of Vareuptychia Forster, 1964, description of Vanima gen. nov., and notes on Euptychia cleophes Godman amp; Salvin, 1889 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae).

Vareuptychia Forster, 1964 stat. rest. is revalidated and comprises two species, V. similis (Butler, 1867) comb. rest. and V. themis (Butler, 1867) comb. nov. Vanima Zacca, Casagrande Mielke gen. nov. is described to contain Euptychia labe Butler, 1870 (the type species), E. palladia Butler, 1867 and E. lesbia Staudinger, [1886]. The taxonomy of these two genera was initially revised based on morphological and distributional data, and subsequently tested and supported with a Maximum Likelihood analysis using four genes (COI, GAPDH, RpS5 and EF1-a). Lectotypes are designated for Euptychia similis Butler, 1867, E. themis Butler, 1867, E. undina Butler, 1870 and E. lesbia Staudinger, [1886]. No DNA sequences were obtained for Euptychia cleophes Godman Salvin, 1889 but its transfer to Megisto Hübner, [1819] is supported by morphological evidence. For all taxa treated in this study, a taxonomic catalog, diagnosis, (re)description and illustrations of adults, venation and genitalia are provided, as well as comments on intraspecific variation, sexual dichromatism, ecology and distribution maps.

Description of a new and highly distinctive genus and species of Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from the Brazilian southern Amazon

ABSTRACT A new genus and species of Euptychiina (Satyrinae), Cristalinaia vitoria Mota, Zacca & Freitas gen. et sp. nov., is described based on three specimens collected in the region of the Cristalino River, Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brazil. This rare species is known only from this region, where it flies inside the dense bamboo patches typical of that area. The last instar larva and the pupa are described; the larva was observed feeding on mature leaves of the common bamboo Guadua aff. paniculata Munro.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D61EDE8D-CAE9-41C6-B24D-BB789873566E

Four hundred shades of brown: Higher level phylogeny of the problematic Euptychiina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) based on hybrid enrichment data.

Relationships within satyrine butterflies have been notoriously difficult to resolve using both morphology and Sanger sequencing methods, and this is particularly true for the mainly Neotropical subtribe Euptychiina, which contains about 400 described species. Known larvae of Euptychiina feed on grasses and sedges, with the exception of the genus Euptychia, which feed on mosses and lycopsids, and the butterflies occur widely in rainforest, cloudforest and grassland habitats, where they are often abundant. Several previous molecular and morphological studies have made significant progress in tackling the systematics of the group, but many relationships remain unresolved, with long-branch-attraction artifacts being a major problem. Additionally, the monophyly of the clade remains uncertain, with Euptychia possibly not being closely related to the remainder of the clade. Here we present a backbone phylogeny of the subtribe based on 106 taxa, 368 nuclear loci, and over 180,000 bps obtained through hybrid enrichment. Using both concatenation and species tree approaches (IQ-TREE, EXABAYES, ASTRAL), we can for the first time strongly confirm the monophyly of Euptychiina with Euptychia being the sister group to the remainder of the clade. The Euptychiina is divided into nine well supported clades, but the placement of a few genera such as Hermeuptychia, Pindis and the Chloreuptychia catharina group still remain uncertain. As partially indicated in previous studies, the genera Cissia, Chloreuptychia, Magneuptychia, Megisto, Splendeuptychia and Euptychoides, among others, were found to be highly polyphyletic and revisions are in preparation. The phylogeny will provide a strong backbone for the analysis of datasets in development that are much more taxonomically comprehensive but have orders of magnitude fewer loci. This study therefore represents a critical step towards resolving the higher classification and studying the evolution of this highly diverse lineage.

Taxonomic notes on Papilio ocypete Fabricius, 1776 and Papilio helle Cramer, 1779 with description of two new similar species from South America (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae).

The discovery of a new species of satyrine butterfly, Magneuptychia louisammour Benmesbah Zacca, sp. n., that is phenotypically similar to a sympatric species widely known as Magneuptychia ocypete (Fabricius, 1776), led to a review of the taxonomic status of M. ocypete. A neotype for Papilio ocypete Fabricius, 1776 is designated and its redescription is provided. Neonympha sabina C. Felder R. Felder, 1867 and Euptychia helle var. olivacea Aurivillius, 1929 are treated as junior subjective synonyms of P. ocypete and a lectotype is designated for each name. A neotype for the preoccupied name Papilio helle Cramer, 1779, and its replacement name Magneuptychia fugitiva Lamas, [1997], is also designated, and a redescription of this name and discussion of its taxonomic status are provided. We describe an additional phenotypically similar species, Magneuptychia kamel Benmesbah Zacca, sp. n. from the western Amazon and raise the name Magneuptychia opima sheba Brévignon Benmesbah, 2012 to species rank (stat. rev.) on the basis of morphological and DNA sequence evidence. We also discuss the difficulties regarding taxonomic and geographical delimitation in these complex species groups. Observations on Euptychiina behaviour are also provided. Finally, based on external characters and male genitalia, a proposed preliminary arrangement of two species groups is proposed, including other species of Magneuptychia Forster, 1964 and Cissia Doubleday, 1848.

Before it is too late: description of a new genus and species of butterfly from a highly threatened Brazilian biome

Abstract A new genus, Nhambikuara Freitas, Barbosa & Zacca gen. nov., and species, Nhambikuara cerradensis Freitas, Barbosa & Zacca sp. nov., of the highly diverse Neotropical butterfly subtribe Euptychiina are described. Nhambikuara cerradensis sp. nov. is the type species for the genus, and Euptychia mima Butler, 1867 is also transferred to the new genus, as Nhambikuara mima (Butler, 1867) comb. nov., from the genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964. The taxonomy, phylogenetic relationships, geographic distribution and natural history of species of the genus are also discussed.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:41AD7568-3490-4F63-A019-32D5592A8C44

Description of a new species of Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from South America.

A new species of Magneuptychia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), Magneuptychia andrei Zacca, Casagrande & Mielke sp. n., is described and illustrated from Venezuela, French Guiana, Trinidad and Tobago and northern Brazil. A comparative diagnosis between the new species and Magneuptychia ocypete (Fabricius, 1776), M. fugitiva Lamas, [1997] and Cissia terrestris (Butler, 1867) is also provided due the similarities in wing pattern.

Taxonomic revision of the "Pierella lamia species group" (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with descriptions of four new species from Brazil.

Four new species of Pierella Westwood, 1851 from Brazil are described: P. angeloi Zacca, Siewert & Mielke sp. nov. from Maranhão, P. kesselringi Zacca, Siewert & Paluch sp. nov. from Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas and Sergipe, P. nice Zacca, Siewert & Paluch sp. nov. from Bahia and P. keithbrowni Siewert, Zacca & Casagrande sp. nov. from Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina. Additionally, P. chalybaea Godman, 1905 stat. rest. and P. boliviana F.M. Brown, 1948 stat. nov. are recognized as valid species and not as subspecies of P. lamia (Sulzer, 1776), while P. l. colombiana Constantino & Salazar, 2007 syn. nov. is synonymized to the former. Lectotype and paralectotype of Papilio dyndimene Cramer, 1779 (a synonym of Pierella lamia) and Pierella chalybaea Godman, 1905 stat. rest. are designated. Habitus and illustrations of male and female genitalia are provided for all species, as well as a geographical distribution map.

Four new species of Moneuptychia (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae: Euptychiina) from Brazil.

This paper describes four new species of Moneuptychia as follows: M. montana Freitas, M. vitellina Freitas & Barbosa, M. pervagata Freitas, Siewert & Mielke and M. wahlbergi Freitas, Barbosa, Siewert & Mielke from south and southeastern Brazil. Details are presented on the morphology of adults of all species, and immature stages for two species, and we discuss the taxonomy and identification of the genus Moneuptychia. The mitochondrial CoxI "barcode" region was used for exploring the utility of this DNA marker to identify these species, giving strong support for all new species.

Two new species of Euptychia Hübner, 1818 from the upper Amazon basin (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae).

Two new species of Euptychia Hübner, 1818 are described from the upper Amazon basin: Euptychia attenboroughi Neild, Nakahara, Fratello & Le Crom, sp. n. (type locality: Amazonas, Venezuela), and Euptychia sophiae Zacca, Nakahara, Dolibaina & Dias, sp. n. (type locality: Acre, Brazil). Their unusual facies prompted molecular and phylogenetic analyses of one of the species resulting in support for their classification in monophyletic Euptychia. Diagnostic characters for the two species are presented based on wing morphology, wing pattern, presence of androconial patches on the hindwing, and genitalia. Our results indicate that the projection of the tegumen above the uncus, previously considered a synapomorphy for Euptychia, is not shared by all species in the genus. The adults and their genitalia are documented, and distribution data and a map are provided.

ResumoDuas novas espécies de Euptychia Hübner, 1818 são descritas da bacia do alto Rio Amazonas: Euptychia attenboroughi Neild, Nakahara, Fratello & Le Crom, sp. n. (localidade tipo: Amazonas, Venezuela), Euptychia sophiae Zacca, Nakahara, Dolibaina & Dias, sp. n. (localidade tipo: Acre, Brasil). Suas aparências não usuais levaram a análises molecular e filogenética de uma das espécies que sustentam sua classificação como Euptychia. São apresentados caracteres diagnósticos para as duas espécies baseados na morfologia e no padrão de coloração de suas asas, presença de manchas androconiais nas asas posteriores e suas genitálias. Os resultados indicam que a projeção do tegume sobre o unco, previamente considerada uma sinapomorfia para Euptychia, não é compartilhada por todas as espécies do gênero. São ilustrados os adultos e suas genitálias, bem como dados e mapa de distribuição.

ResumenSe describen dos nuevas especies de Euptychia Hübner, 1818 para la cuenca alta del Río Amazonas: Euptychia attenboroughi Neild, Nakahara, Fratello & Le Crom, sp. n. (localidad típica: Amazonas, Venezuela) y Euptychia sophiae Zacca, Nakahara, Dolibaina & Dias, sp. n. (localidad típica: Acre, Brasil). Sus apariencias inusuales motivaron el análisis molecular y filogenético de una de las especies, lo cual sustenta su clasificación como Euptychia. Se presentan caracteres diagnósticos para las dos especies basados en la morfología y patrón de coloración alar, presencia de parches androconiales en las alas posteriores y sus genitales. Los resultados indican que la proyección del tegumen sobre el uncus, previamente considerada una sinapomorfía para Euptychia, no es compartida por todas las especies del género. Se ilustran los adultos y sus genitales, y se proporcionan datos y mapa de distribución.

A new species of Magneuptychia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from Brazilian Savanna.

A new species of Satyrinae butterfly from the Brazilian Savanna, Magneuptychia flavofascia n. sp., is described based on adult morphological characters with a discussion about its placement within the genus.

The "Taygetis ypthima species group" (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae): taxonomy, variation and description of a new species.

A new species of Taygetis Hübner, [1819] (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) from southeastern Brazil is described: Taygetis drogoni sp. n. In addition, T. servius Weymer, 1910 and T. fulginia d'Almeida, 1922 are resurrected from synonymy and a taxonomic discussion on the species T. ypthima Hübner, [1821] and T. rectifascia Weymer, 1907 is provided. A dichotomous key for the species is also provided.

Stegosatyrus, a new genus of Euptychiina from the grasslands of neotropical realm (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae).

Three species of Pampasatyrus Hayward, 1953 (Satyrinae, Pronophilina) are transferred to Stegosatyrus n. gen. (Euptychiina) based on morphological evidence: S. imbrialis (Weeks, 1901) n. comb. from Bolivia (Cochabamba) and northern Argentina; S. ocelloides (Schaus, 1902) n. comb. from Paraguay (Hernandarias and Caaguazú) and Brazil (Midwest, Southeast and South regions); and S. periphas (Godart, [1824]) n. comb. from southern Brazil, northeastern Argentina (Buenos Aires) and Uruguay. A new species is described, Stegosatyrus hemiclara Pyrcz, Boyer & Zacca, n. sp. from the Andes of southern Peru. The neotype of Satyrus periphas Godart, [1824] and the lectotypes of Epinephele imbrialis Weeks, 1901 and Euptychia ocelloides Schaus, 1902 are designated. Redescriptions and illustrations are presented, including information on geographical and temporal distribution, and habitats. The oviposition process, eggs and first instars of S. periphas are published for the first time.

Borboletas (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea e Hesperioidea) da porção norte da Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil / Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) of the northern portion of the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil

O conhecimento sobre a diversidade de borboletas (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea e Hesperioidea) no bioma Caatinga é incipiente quando comparado aos demais biomas brasileiros. Áreas consideradas como prioritárias para a conservação da biodiversidade da Caatinga, ainda permanecem com conhecimento escasso acerca da diversidade da fauna de lepidópteros, como é o caso da região da Chapada Diamantina. Um estudo sobre a diversidade borboletas, financiado pelo Programa de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade do Semiárido (PPBio), foi realizado em duas áreas consideradas como prioritárias para a conservação da biodiversidade da Caatinga no estado da Bahia, Morro do Chapéu e Senhor do Bonfim, localizadas na porção norte da Chapada Diamantina. Foram registradas 169 espécies, das quais duas são espécies novas. Nymphalidae foi a família de maior riqueza, com 82 espécies. Duas espécies endêmicas para a Caatinga foram registradas.

The knowledge of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) diversity in Caatinga biome is incipient when compared to the others Brazilian's biomes. Areas considered as priorities for biodiversity conservation in the Caatinga still remain with poor knowledge about their lepidopteran fauna diversity such as the Chapada Diamantina. A study of the diversity of butterflies supported by Programa de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade to the Semiarid region (PPBio) was carried out in two areas considered as priorities for biodiversity conservation in the Caatinga from Bahia State, Morro do Chapéu and Senhor do Bonfim located in the northern portion of the Chapada Diamantina. The samples were realized in dry seasons. A total of 169 species was identified and two of them are new species. Nymphalidae was richest among others butterflies families with 82 species. Two species were registered as endemic to Caatinga.