Proposed treatment strategy for reactive hypoglycaemia.

Background/aim: Managing reactive hypoglycaemia (RH) poses challenges due to limited and often ineffective treatment options. We report a case series and draw on this to propose a stepwise treatment approach consisting of lifestyle modifications, metformin, GLP-1 analogues, and the use of flash glucose monitoring technology. Method: A retrospective review was conducted to analyse the management of 11 cases presenting with recurrent RH symptoms. Result: Two patients experienced successful resolution of symptoms through lifestyle modifications. Metformin alone was effective in treating seven out of nine patients who received pharmacological treatment. Two patients with previous upper gastrointestinal surgery showed a partial response to metformin and benefited further from additional long-acting GLP-1 analogue. Pharmacological intervention led to significant reductions in insulin and C-peptide levels in repeat mixed meal tolerance tests (P-values 0.043 for insulin and 0.006 for C-peptide). Finally, flash glucose monitoring technology was useful in early detection and preventing episodes of hypoglycaemia in one of these patients with persistent symptoms. Conclusion: These findings highlight the potential efficacy of escalated treatment strategies for RH, including the use of metformin, GLP-1 analogues, and flash glucose monitoring technology.

Operative management of lateral third clavicle fractures: a comparison of internal fixation methods.

PURPOSE: Clavicle fractures in the lateral third are associated with more complications. Various methods of internal fixation exist; however, there is no consensus which should be employed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of these various methods in our regional trauma unit. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent internal fixation of a lateral clavicle fracture in our unit between 1 August 2014 and 31 July 2019. Demographic and outcome data were extracted from electronic care records and imaging systems. RESULTS: In total, 44 patients were included, with the following demographics: mean age 26 years, 63.6% male, 65.9% high-energy injury, 68.2% Neer II fracture. The following operations were performed: hook plate fixation (HPF) = 10, locking plate fixation (LPF) = 16, coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction (CCLR) = 12, and LPF + CCLR = 6. Patients having LPF had a significantly larger post-operative coracoclavicular distance (7.6 mm vs 13.5 mm, p < 0.01), and trends towards a lesser decrease in CCD (9.9 mm vs 12.6 mm, p = 0.37) and incomplete ACJ reduction (50.0% vs 89.3%, p = 0.11). There was a significantly higher re-operation rate after HPF (100% vs 23.5%, p < 0.01). There were no differences in time to union or duration of follow-up. CONCLUSION: In our unit there is no clearly favoured method of internal fixation of lateral clavicle fractures. When LPF is used, there should be consideration of concomitant CCLR. The high rate of re-operation after HPF is concordant with previous research.

Insulin detemir reduces weight gain as a result of reduced food intake in patients with type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Insulin detemir lacks the usual propensity for insulin to cause weight gain. We investigated whether this effect was a result of reduced energy intake and/or increased energy expenditure. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A 32-week, randomized crossover design trial was undertaken in 23 patients with type 1 diabetes. Patients on a basal-bolus regimen (with insulin aspart as the bolus insulin) were randomly assigned to insulin detemir or NPH insulin as a basal insulin for 16 weeks, followed by the other basal insulin for 16 weeks. At the end of each 16-week period, total energy expenditure, resting energy expenditure, diet-induced thermogenesis, activity energy expenditure, energy intake, weight change, glycemic control, hypoglycemic episodes, and hormones that affect satiety and fuel partitioning were measured. RESULTS: After 16 weeks, weight change was -0.69±1.85 kg with insulin detemir and +1.7±2.46 kg with NPH insulin (P<0.001). Total energy intake was significantly less with insulin detemir (2,016±501 kcal/day) than with NPH insulin (2,181±559 kcal/day) (P=0.026). There was no significant difference in any measure of energy expenditure, HbA1c percentage, or number of hypoglycemic episodes. Leptin was lower and resistin was higher with insulin detemir compared with NPH insulin (P=0.039, P=0.047). After the meal, ghrelin and pancreatic polypeptide levels (P=0.002, P=0.001) were higher with insulin detemir. CONCLUSIONS: The reduced weight gain with insulin detemir compared with NPH insulin is attributed to reduced energy intake rather than increased energy expenditure. This may be mediated by a direct or indirect effect of insulin detemir on the hormones that control satiety.