Cytocompatibility of stabilized black phosphorus nanosheets tailored by directly conjugated polymeric micelles for human breast cancer therapy.

The novel procedure of few-layer black phosphorus (FLBP) stabilization and functionalisation was here proposed. The cationic polymer PLL and non-ionic PEG have been involved into encapsulation of FLBP to allow sufficient time for further nanofabrication process and overcome environmental degradation. Two different spacer chemistry was designed to bind polymers to tumor-homing peptides. The efficiency of functionalisation was examined by RP-HPLC, microscopic (TEM and SEM) and spectroscopic (FT-IR and Raman) techniques as well supported by ab-initio modelling. The cell and dose dependent cytotoxicity of FLBP and its bioconjugates was evaluated against HB2, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Functionalisation allowed not only for improvement of environmental stability, but also enhances therapeutic effect by abolished the cytotoxicity of FLBP against HB2 cell line. Moreover, modification of FLBP with PLL caused increase of selectivity against highly aggressive breast cancer cell lines. Results indicate the future prospect application of black phosphorus nanosheets as nanocarrier, considering its unique features synergistically with conjugated polymeric micelles.

Differentiation of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus using PCR melting profile and variable number of tandem repeat methods.

The potato phytopathogen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus (Cms) is a causative agent of bacterial ring rot, which is a serious threat to crops. In EU member countries, Cms is subject to quarantine and has to be combated. The knowledge about the transmission of C. michiganensis strains is limited due to a lack of methods which could be used for epidemiological analysis. In this study, PCR melting profile (PCR MP) and variable number tandem repeat methods were used in Cms epidemiological analysis for the first time. PCR MP was based on the melting temperature analysis of BamHI restriction fragments of chromosomal DNA. Respectively, for the variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) method, six loci were identified and used in the differentiation of Cms isolates. PCR MP was used for 93 Cms isolated in Poland. Both PCR MP and VNTR methods were used for the differentiation of 47 Cms strains in this collection. Both these methods were found to be useful for the epidemiological analysis of Cms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The potato phytopathogen, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus (Cms), is a serious threat to crops and lead to significant economic losses. The only way to control and eliminate the disease caused by this pathogen is the use of certified seed potato and strict quarantine of infected fields. Here, for the first time, two molecular typing methods (PCR melting profile (PCR MP) and variable number tandem repeat (VNTR)) were evaluated in respect of their potential in differentiation of Cms isolates. As a result, we obtained characteristic profiles of DNA fragments (PCR MP) and numeric patterns (VNTR), which enable the intraspecies genotyping of Cms strains confirming the effectiveness of PCR MP and VNTR methods in differentiation of Cms strains.

Development of a new ligation-mediated PCR method for the differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains.

BACKGROUND: There is a need for rapid, inexpensive methods for analysing a limited number of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. The ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (LM-PCR) method appears to be sufficiently discriminative and reproducible to be considered as a molecular tool for the initial evaluation of hospital outbreaks, laboratory cross-contamination, and family or small community transmission. OBJECTIVE: To develop a new LM-PCR method based on PCR amplification of the 5'-flanking region of insertion sequence (IS) 6110 consisting of SalI/PvuII digestion of chromosomal DNA, ligation of a SalI linker and differentiation of IS6110-carrying restriction fragments by suppression subtractive hybridisation. DESIGN: The fast ligation amplification polymorphism (FLAP) method was applied in the analysis of 62 M. tuberculosis clinical isolates and compared with IS6110-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) analyses of the same strains. RESULTS: The sensitivity of FLAP was estimated at 0.25 ng/l. FLAP yielded 32 patterns among the 62 M. tuberculosis strains compared to respectively 28 and 36 patterns obtained using MIRU-VNTR and IS6110-RFLP. Its Hunter-Gaston discriminatory index value (0.973) is similar to that of MIRU-VNTR (0.966) and IS6110-RFLP (0.971). The specificity of the FLAP patterns was also confirmed. CONCLUSION: FLAP proved highly discriminating, sensitive and specific and could be a valuable molecular tool, especially for analysing a limited number of M. tuberculosis strains.

An epidermal growth factor receptor intron 1 polymorphism in healthy women in Poland.

The frequency of CA allele combinations was assessed in healthy women from Poland and compared to previously published polymorphism data of individuals from Germany and a Caucasian reference group. There were close similarities between these three geographically and ethnically similar populations. By contrast, the distribution of these alleles in European and Asian (Japan) populations proved to be different. There might therefore be major ethnic differences in allelic frequencies of EGFR intron 1 polymorphism. Our results provide new data on EGFR microsatellite instability and may contribute to the understanding of EGFR gene expression regulation. The clinical relevance of these findings warrants further evaluation.

The diverse signaling network of EGFR, HER2, HER3 and HER4 tyrosine kinase receptors and the consequences for therapeutic approaches.

The HER family of receptor tyrosine kinase couples binding of extracellular growth factor ligands to intracellular signal transduction pathways, contributing in this fashion to the ability of the cell to respond correctly to its environment. The HER family and its ligands are critically involved in the carcinogenesis of the mammary gland. Abnormal function of the members of HER family resulting in receptor hyper-activation (due to gene amplification, protein overexpression or abnormal transcriptional regulation) has been linked with breast cancer prognosis. It is also extensively studied as the predictive factor and target for therapy. There are clinical indications supporting the concept that none of the receptors: EGFR, HER2, HER3 and HER4 can be considered as the stand-alone receptor in breast cancer development and clinical course of the disease. There is a growing body of evidence that cooperation between them contributes to more aggressive tumor phenotype and influences the response to therapy. This underlines the importance of quantification of all HER family members and indicates the urgent need for implementation of methods that can efficiently and reliably examine four HER receptors as a whole panel in breast cancer patients.

An epidermal growth factor receptor intron 1 polymorphism in healthy women in Poland.

The frequency of CA allele combinations was assessed in healthy women from Poland and compared to previously published polymorphism data of individuals from Germany and a Caucasian reference group. There were close similarities between these three geographically and ethnically similar populations. By contrast, the distribution of these alleles in European and Asian (Japan) populations proved to be different. There might therefore be major ethnic differences in allelic frequencies of EGFR intron 1 polymorphism. Our results provide new data on EGFR microsatellite instability and may contribute to the understanding of EGFR gene expression regulation. The clinical relevance of these findings warrants further evaluation. (Int J Biol Markers 2005; 20: 184-8).

p53 Gene status in relation to ex vivo chemosensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer.

PURPOSE: About 40% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients are candidates for systemic chemotherapy, despite the fact that at diagnosis most NSCLC are usually chemoresistant both in vivo and ex vivo. It is important to develop sufficient methods of prediction of the response to chemotherapy and to find molecular markers that may prognose this response. Therefore, a study on the relationship of p53gene status to the ex vivo chemosensitivity of primary human NSCLC was performed. METHODS: Three drug combinations (carboplatin/etoposide, cyclophosphamide/etoposide/epirubicin, and paclitaxel/carboplatin) were tested in a modified ATP cell viability assay. A group of 28 cases of primary human NSCLC was assessed. RESULTS: Ex vivo chemosensitivity testing showed that tumors with p53 mutations were significantly more resistant to the cyclophosphamide/etoposide/epirubicin regimen than with normal p53 gene ( P = 0.012). However, no correlation was observed for two other treatment regimens. CONCLUSION: Mutations in the p53gene can lead to enhanced chemoresistance, confirming the hypothesis that the p53 gene may serve as a marker of tumor response to treatment in NSCLC. However, the data also illustrate that some additional factors might contribute to drug resistance of the examined tumors.

The suitability of DNA extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues for double differential polymerase chain reaction analysis.

Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are one of the popular sources of diagnostic materials, the easiest to store and transport. They are often used as the source of nucleic acids for retrospective molecular analyses based on DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, it is known that nucleic acids from paraffin-embedded tissues are much worse templates than those recovered from fresh tissues. It is exceptionally important in a quantitative analysis, including double differential PCR (ddPCR). Therefore, a pilot study comparing quantity and quality of DNA extracted with various paraffin removal and DNA isolation procedures from FFPE tissues was conducted. Furthermore, the suitability of DNA isolated with optimized procedure for the assessment of erbB-2 average gene copy number (AGCN) was checked. Specimens for comparison of extraction and isolation procedures were generated from the same human normal thyroid tissue embedded in paraffin to eliminate variabilities in tissue processing and sample size. Three procedures of paraffin removal and three procedures of DNA extraction from deparaffinized tissue were compared. Only one procedure provided DNA, which was efficiently amplified in ddPCR. The material obtained with this optimized procedure was used to check the precision of ddPCR by evaluation of AGCN of erbB-2 oncogene. Low variability of obtained results close to expected AGCN value (AGCN=1) indicates high reproducibility of the method, as well as its high accuracy, if the normal value of erbB-2 AGCN in the examined tissue is assumed.

Contact-activated migration of melanoma B16 and sarcoma XC cells.

During migration, tumour cells interact with neighbouring neoplastic and normal host cells, and such interaction may influence their motile activity. We investigated the effect of homotypic collisions on the motile activity of two tumour cell lines, mouse melanoma B16 and rat sarcoma XC, and nontransformed human skin fibroblasts. It was found that the tumour cells show only limited motile activity when moving as single cells without contact with neighbours. At a higher density of the culture (and also at a greater number of cell to cell contacts) the activation of motility of investigated tumour cells was observed. On the other hand, the normal human skin fibroblasts showed a typical reaction of density-dependent inhibition of motility. The motile activity of tumour cells was not affected by conditioned media and was visibly dependent on a direct physical contact among colliding cells. The activation of cell movement was observed about 40-50 min after the initial contact between tumour cells. Contact-activated migration of neoplastic cells was inhibited by 50 microM verapamil (a selective voltage-gated calcium channel inhibitor) and 10 microM gadolinium chloride (a nonspecific blocker of mechanosensitive ion channels) but not by pertussis toxin. The observation that homotypic collisions among tumour cells strongly increase their motile activity suggests that contact-activated migration may play a significant role in tumour invasion and metastasis.

The effect of phenylephrine on pain and flare intensity in eyes with uveitis.

PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of protein concentration in the anterior chamber, measured by laser flare meter, on pain sensation after phenylephrine instillation in patients with iridocyclitis. METHODS: Twenty-five consecutive patients with iridocyclitis were included. Patients with cataract, exfoliation syndrome, diabetes mellitus, glaucoma or any other previous ocular diseases or ocular surgery were excluded. Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1--without fibrinoid reaction (FR) in the anterior chamber (18 patients), and Group 2--with FR (7 patients). Protein concentration in the anterior chamber was measured with laser flare meter (FC 500, Kowa Co., Japan). Pupil size was measured by Alcon Tilo Scale, and pain sensation was estimated by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS, Kabi Pharmacia). All measurements were done before and 1 hour after topical instillation of 10% phenylephrine hydrochloride into the subconjunctival sac of the inflamed eyes. RESULTS: Eyes with iridocyclitis and fibrinoid reaction (FR) have a higher flare intensity compared to those without FR (p<0.05). Pupil size was significantly increased after phenylephrine instillation in both study groups (Wilcoxon test, p<0.05). The VAS pain and flare intensity were significantly decreased in group without FR after phenylephrine instillation (Group 1) compared to values before treatment (Wilcoxon test, p<0.05). In eyes with FR (Group 2), no significant influence of phenylephrine instillation was found on VAS pain and flare intensity. CONCLUSIONS: After phenylephrine instillation, flare intensity and pain were significantly decreased only in eyes with iridocyclitis and without FR. The decreasing level of flare intensity, and paralysis of the pupil after phenylephrine instillation seem to alleviate pain in those eyes.

Aqueous flare intensity in relation to different stages of diabetic retinopathy.

PURPOSE: To compare laser flare intensity in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) type I and type II to different stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and controls. METHODS: This study comprised 88 consecutive patients with DM type I and 40 controls in the same age range, divided into two age groups: 20-34 years and 35-50 years; 108 consecutive patients with DM type II and 32 controls were also divided into two age groups: 45-59 years and 60-75 years. Patients with glaucoma, exfoliation syndrome, media opacities, uveitis, within 96 hours after laser photocoagulation, treatment with topical and systemic drugs which can affect aqueous protein concentration, were excluded. One eye was randomly selected from each diabetic patient and control. Flare intensity was measured with a laser flare meter without mydriatic drops, and was then correlated with the stages of DR within each age group. RESULTS: Eyes with advanced DR, such as moderate-severe, severe non-proliferative DR and proliferative DR (PDR), had significantly higher flare intensity than controls and eyes without retinopathy in all age groups (p<0.05). Flare intensity values were similar for controls and eyes with mild-moderate DR in all age groups except the older patients with DM type II, particularly those with clinically significant macular edema (CSME) (p<0.05). Eyes with regressed proliferative DR and no indication for laser photocoagulation had significantly lower flare values than eyes with an indication for therapy (p<0.05). Eyes with iris rubeosis (IR) had significantly higher flare than those without IR (p<0.05). Flare values were significantly correlated with the duration of diabetes in DM types I and II (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Flare intensity was increased in eyes with mild-moderate DR with CSME, and in eyes with advanced and severe stages of DR. Aqueous flare was related to the duration of diabetes.

Visual outcome after phacoemulsification and IOL implantation in diabetic patients.

AIMS: To follow visual acuity (VA) and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) after phacoemulsification in diabetic patients with different stages of DR and controls. METHODS: This prospective study included 27 diabetic patients with no or mild to moderate non-proliferative DR; 25 patients with moderate to severe non-proliferative, or proliferative DR; and 22 non-diabetic controls. All patients underwent uncomplicated, phacoemulsification surgery, with implantation of a heparin-surface modified (HSM) poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) intraocular lens (IOL) into the capsular bag. Colour fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms (FA) were taken at 1 week (baseline), 3 months, and 1 year postoperatively to determine stability or progression of DR. RESULTS: The VA of 46 diabetic eyes (88%), was improved 1 year after surgery and only six eyes (12%) were unchanged or worse. 41 diabetic eyes (79%) achieved a VA of 0.5 or better and 11 eyes (21%) had a final VA lower than 0.5. Significantly lower final corrected VA was found 1 year after surgery in eyes with advanced DR (median 0.5; range 0.1-1.0) compared with controls (1.0; 0.1-1.0) and eyes with no or mild to moderate DR (1.0; 0.1-1.0). Eyes with mild to moderate DR and clinically significant macular oedema (CSMO) 1 week postoperatively had a lower final VA than those without CSMO. Angiographic cystoid macular oedema (CMO) was detected with FA in 15% of all diabetic eyes 1 week postoperatively. 41 eyes (79%) showed no change or improvement of the retinal status 1 year after cataract surgery. Progression was found in 11 eyes (21%), mainly in eyes with mild to moderate DR and moderate to severe DR. Eyes with an indication for laser photocoagulation at baseline showed a significantly higher rate of progression of DR after surgery than those without indication for laser treatment. CONCLUSION: The final visual outcome was improved in the majority of diabetic eyes. Eyes with CSMO at the time of surgery had the worst prognosis regarding postoperative VA.

Posterior capsule opacification after phacoemulsification in patients with diabetes mellitus.

PURPOSE: To compare posterior capsule opacification (PCO) after phacoemulsification and implantation of heparin-surface-modified (HSM) poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) intraocular lenses (IOLs) in the capsular bag in patients with diabetes mellitus with that in a control group. SETTING: St. Erik's Eye Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. METHODS: This prospective study comprised 26 patients with diabetes mellitus and 26 control patients without diabetes. Those with glaucoma, exfoliation syndrome, uveitis, and pupil size smaller than 6.0 mm after dilation were excluded. All patients received the same standardized phacoemulsification procedure with implantation of an HSM PMMA IOL in the capsular bag. Posterior capsule opacification was scored 1 and 2 years after surgery by evaluating retroillumination images taken with a Scheimpflug camera (Nidek Anterior Eye Segment Analysis System) after pupil dilation with phenylephrine 10% and cyclopentolate 1%. The PCO density behind the IOL optic was graded clinically from 0 to 4 (0 = none, 1 = minimal, 2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4 = severe) and scored using the Evaluation of Posterior Capsule Opacification medical software developing system. RESULTS: No differences in PCO were found between the diabetic and control groups 1 year after surgery. The total PCO score was significantly less in diabetic than in control eyes 2 years after surgery (P < .05, Mann-Whitney). In addition, progression of PCO from 1 year to 2 years after surgery was significantly less in diabetic groups with different stages of diabetic retinopathy than in the control group (P < or = .05, Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance and multiple comparisons). CONCLUSION: The rate of PCO after phacoemulsification was statistically significantly lower in patients with diabetes mellitus than in those without diabetes.

X-ray microanalytical and morphological observations of aqueous humor from cataract human eyes with and without diabetes mellitus.

This study was conducted to determine the elemental composition of the aqueous humor in cataract human eyes, with and without diabetes mellitus. The aqueous humor was obtained during cataract surgery from 11 patients with diabetes mellitus and 11 controls. Droplets of aqueous humor, after air-drying on carbon plates, were analyzed by X-ray microanalysis. Before surgery, the protein concentration in the anterior chamber was measured with a laser flare meter. Flare intensity was significantly higher in eyes with diabetes mellitus than in controls (p < 0.05). The X-ray microanalytical results showed that the relative sulfur content in the aqueous humor was significantly higher in the diabetic eyes than in the controls (p < 0.05). The content of elements representing the mobile ions in the aqueous humor, i.e., Na, Cl, K, and Ca was similar in both studied groups. We conclude from these data that the high sulfur content in aqueous humor of diabetic eyes may be related to a higher level of proteins found in the humor in these eyes.

Posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis and postoperative inflammation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (PCCC) on inflammation after phacoemulsification and implantation of a foldable silicone intraocular lens (IOL) in the capsular bag. SETTING: St. Erik's Eye Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. METHODS: Fifty patients were enrolled in this prospective, randomized study. Eyes with diabetes mellitus, glaucoma, uveitis, exfoliation syndrome, other previous ocular diseases, or an axial length greater than 26.0 mm were excluded. One group comprised 25 eyes of 25 patients (median age 76 years) in which phacoemulsification and implantation of a silicone IOL in the capsular bag were performed. The other group consisted of 25 eyes of 25 patients (median age 77 years) who received the same surgical procedure in addition to PCCC. The aqueous protein concentration was measured using a laser flare meter (FC 500, Kowa Co.) preoperatively and 1 day, 1 week, and 1 and 3 months after surgery. RESULTS: Surgical trauma significantly increased aqueous flare values 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after surgery in both groups (P < .05). Three months postoperatively, flare values in both groups were not different from preoperative values. No difference between the 2 groups was found in flare intensity measurements or in best corrected visual acuity before and after uneventful surgery. The incidence of postoperative clinical cystoid macular edema was 8% (2 eyes) in the control group and 4% (1 eye) in the group with PCCC. CONCLUSION: Postoperative flare intensity after phacoemulsification with PCCC and implantation of a foldable silicone IOL was not significantly different than postoperative flare measurements in a control group.

Aqueous flare intensity after phacoemulsification in patients with diabetes mellitus.

PURPOSE: To prospectively compare the postoperative blood-aqueous barrier breakdown induced by phacoemulsification and implantation of a heparin-surface-modified poly(methyl methacrylate) intraocular lens in the capsular bag in eyes with different stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and a control group. SETTING: St. Erik's Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. METHODS: Aqueous flare intensity was measured preoperatively and 1 day, 1 week, and 3 months postoperatively in 21 nondiabetic control patients (Group 1), 20 diabetic patients with no or mild-moderate nonproliferative DR (Group 2), and 19 diabetic patients with advanced DR (moderate-severe, severe nonproliferative, and proliferative DR) who were divided into groups: without clinically significant macular edema (CSME), 7 eyes (Group 3), and with CSME, 12 eyes (Group 4). RESULTS: Before surgery, flare intensity in Group 4 was significantly higher than in Groups 1 and 2 (P < .05). Surgical trauma increased flare values 1 day postoperatively in all groups. One week after surgery, Groups 1 and 4 had flare intensity significantly higher than preoperatively (P < .05). Recovery of flare occurred 3 months postoperatively in all groups except Group 2, in which it occurred 1 week after surgery. One day postoperatively, only Group 4 had significantly higher flare than Group 1 (P < .05). One week and 3 months after surgery, Group 4 had significantly higher flare intensity than Groups 1 and 2 (P < .05). The duration of phacoemulsification in Groups 2 and 4 was significantly longer than in Group 1 (P < .05). Operating time was significantly longer than in Group 1 only in Group 4 (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Eyes with advanced stages of DR and with CSME had the highest flare intensity after cataract surgery.

The effect of phenylephrine and pilocarpine on pupil size and aqueous flare intensity in patients with diabetes mellitus.

PURPOSE: The aqueous flare intensity and pupillary size were studied before and after instillation of 10% phenylephrine and 4% pilocarpine in eyes with diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: Twenty-three patients with DM type I were compared with 30 age-matched controls, and 25 patients with DM type II were compared with 30 age-matched controls. Patients with DM were divided into two groups: 1) with mild-moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and 2) with advanced diabetic retinopathy (DR) which includes moderate-severe, severe NPDR and proliferative DR. The aqueous flare intensity and the horizontal diameter of the pupil were measured before and 60 minutes after topical instillation of 10% phenylephrine and 60 min after topical administration of 4% pilocarpine. RESULTS: Degree of induced mydriasis after phenylephrine instillation was not significantly different between diabetic groups and controls. Significantly less pronounced miosis was observed after stimulation of cholinergic receptors by pilocarpine in eyes with mild-moderate NPDR with DM type II and in eyes with advanced DR with DM type I and type II when compared to controls (p<0.05). Phenylephrine decreased flare intensity in all groups without a significant difference between groups. Pilocarpine instillation increased flare intensity in all groups as compared to flare intensity before any treatment. Also, a significantly smaller increase in flare intensity in eyes with advanced retinopathy in both DM type I and type II was found when compared to controls (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Pharmacological response to cholinergic stimulation on pupil size and flare intensity is weaker in advanced stages of DR.

Cataract surgery and pupil size in patients with diabetes mellitus.

PURPOSE: Constriction of the pupil during phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in patients with diabetes mellitus was studied. METHODS: Before surgery a combination of 0.75% cyclopentolate and 2.5% phenylephrine was applied topically to the eyes of 32 patients with diabetes mellitus and 25 age-matched controls. Epinephrine was mixed with buffered saline solution and used during the surgery. The surgical procedure included capsulorhexis, phacoemulsification in the posterior chamber and implantation into the capsular bag of a heparine surface-modified poly(methyl metacrylate) IOL with an optic diameter of 5.0 mm. The durations of phacoemulsification and the whole surgical procedure were recorded. Measurements of the horizontal pupillary diameter were taken before surgery, after phacoemulsification and at the end of the surgery. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in pupil size between controls and the diabetic group before the operation. Surgically induced miosis after phacoemulsification and at the end of operation were significantly more pronounced in the diabetic group than in controls (p < 0.05) (p < 0.05). Phacoemulsification and the entire surgical procedure took significantly longer time when performed in the diabetic eyes (p < 0.05) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: We conclude from these data that constriction of the pupil during cataract surgery is more pronounced in diabetic eyes as compared to controls.

[Lensectomy in treatment of traumatic cataracts]. / Lensektomia w leczeniu zacmy urazowej.

Results of pars plana lensectomy (36 cases) and ab externo lensectomy (14 cases) were presented. Intra- and postoperative complications, and the advantages of these procedures in traumatic cataracts were discussed. It was established that both procedures improved the visual acuity in the majority of patients although pars plana lensectomy had slightly lower rate of complications.