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1.
Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev ; 12(7): 706-717, 2023 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36642931

ABSTRACT

NP10679 is a context-dependent and subunit-selective negative allosteric modulator of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. It is a more potent inhibitor of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors at the acidic levels of extracellular pH (eg, 6.9) found in the penumbral regions associated with cerebral ischemia than at physiological pH. This property allows NP10679 to act selectively in ischemic tissue while minimizing the nonselective blockade of NMDA receptors in healthy brain, thereby reducing on-target adverse effects. We report the results of a first-in-human pharmacokinetic and safety phase 1 clinical trial in healthy volunteers receiving single or multiple doses of NP10679 (NCT04007263). We found that NP10679 was well-tolerated and with a half-life of 20 hours, which is amenable to once per day dosing. The only notable side effect in this clinical trial was modest somnolence at higher doses, atypical in that the subject could easily be aroused. The overall results suggest that NP10679 is a candidate for further development for use in acute brain injury, such as ischemic stroke or aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, as well as for use in neuropsychiatric indications.


Subject(s)
Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate , Humans , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
2.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther ; 379(1): 41-52, 2021 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34493631

ABSTRACT

We describe a clinical candidate molecule from a new series of glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit 2B-selective inhibitors that shows enhanced inhibition at extracellular acidic pH values relative to physiologic pH. This property should render these compounds more effective inhibitors of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors at synapses responding to a high frequency of action potentials, since glutamate-containing vesicles are acidic within their lumen. In addition, acidification of penumbral regions around ischemic tissue should also enhance selective drug action for improved neuroprotection. The aryl piperazine we describe here shows strong neuroprotective actions with minimal side effects in preclinical studies. The clinical candidate molecule NP10679 has high oral bioavailability with good brain penetration and is suitable for both intravenous and oral dosing for therapeutic use in humans. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study identifies a new series of glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit 2B-selective negative allosteric modulators with properties appropriate for clinical advancement. The compounds are more potent at acidic pH, associated with ischemic tissue, and this property should increase the therapeutic safety of this class by improving efficacy in affected tissue while sparing NMDA receptor block in healthy brain.


Subject(s)
Brain/drug effects , Brain/metabolism , Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/administration & dosage , Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/metabolism , Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism , Acids , Administration, Oral , Animals , Biological Availability , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Xenopus laevis
3.
PLoS One ; 12(12): e0187609, 2017.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29261656

ABSTRACT

Agonists at the nicotinic acetylcholine alpha 7 receptor (nAChR α7) subtype have the potential to treat cognitive deficits in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or schizophrenia. Visuo-spatial paired associates learning (vsPAL) is a task that has been shown to reliably predict conversion from mild cognitive impairment to AD in humans and can also be performed by nonhuman primates. Reversal of scopolamine-induced impairment of vsPAL performance may represent a translational approach for the development of nAChR α7 agonists. The present study investigated the effect of treatment with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil, or three nAChR α7 agonists, BMS-933043, EVP-6124 and RG3487, on vsPAL performance in scopolamine-treated cynomolgus monkeys. Scopolamine administration impaired vsPAL performance accuracy in a dose- and difficulty- dependent manner. The impairment of eventual accuracy, a measure of visuo-spatial learning during the task, was significantly ameliorated by treatment with donepezil (0.3 mg/kg, i.m.), EVP-6124 (0.01 mg/kg, i.m.) or BMS-933043 (0.03, 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, i.m.). Both nAChR α7 agonists showed inverted-U shaped dose-effect relationships with EVP-6124 effective at a single dose only whereas BMS-933043 was effective across at least a 10 fold dose/exposure range. RG3487 was not efficacious in this paradigm at the dose range examined (0.03-1 mg/kg, i.m.). These results are the first demonstration that the nAChR α7 agonists, EVP-6124 and BMS-933043, can ameliorate scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits in nonhuman primates performing the vsPAL task.


Subject(s)
Paired-Associate Learning/drug effects , Quinuclidines/pharmacology , Space Perception/classification , Spiro Compounds/pharmacology , Thiophenes/pharmacology , Visual Perception/drug effects , alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor/agonists , Animals , Donepezil , Indans/pharmacology , Macaca fascicularis , Male , Piperidines/pharmacology , Quinuclidines/chemistry , Reaction Time/drug effects , Scopolamine , Spiro Compounds/chemistry , Task Performance and Analysis , Thiophenes/chemistry , Treatment Outcome
4.
Eur J Pharmacol ; 807: 1-11, 2017 Jul 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28438647

ABSTRACT

The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is thought to play an important role in human cognition. Here we describe the in vivo effects of BMS-902483, a selective potent α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, in relationship to α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor occupancy. BMS-902483 has low nanomolar affinity for rat and human α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and elicits currents in cells expressing human or rat α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that are about 60% of the maximal acetylcholine response. BMS-902483 improved 24h novel object recognition memory in mice with a minimal effective dose (MED) of 0.1mg/kg and reversed MK-801-induced deficits in a rat attentional set-shifting model of executive function with an MED of 3mg/kg. Enhancement of novel object recognition was blocked by the silent α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, NS6740, demonstrating that activity of BMS-902483 was mediated by α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. BMS-902483 also reversed ketamine-induced deficits in auditory gating in rats, and enhanced ex vivo hippocampal long-term potentiation examined 24h after dosing in mice. Results from an ex vivo brain homogenate binding assay showed that α7 receptor occupancy ranged from 64% (novel object recognition) to ~90% (set shift and gating) at the MED for behavioral and sensory processing effects of BMS-902483.


Subject(s)
Cognition/drug effects , Drug Partial Agonism , Nicotinic Agonists/pharmacology , Quinuclidines/pharmacology , Sensory Gating/drug effects , Spiro Compounds/pharmacology , alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor/agonists , Animals , Attention/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , HEK293 Cells , Hippocampus/drug effects , Hippocampus/physiology , Humans , Long-Term Potentiation/drug effects , Male , Memory/drug effects , Mice , Rats
5.
ACS Med Chem Lett ; 8(3): 366-371, 2017 Mar 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28337332

ABSTRACT

The therapeutic treatment of negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction associated with schizophrenia is a significant unmet medical need. Preclinical literature indicates that α7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor agonists may provide an effective approach to treating cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. We report herein the discovery and evaluation of 1c (BMS-933043), a novel and potent α7 nACh receptor partial agonist with high selectivity against other nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes (>100-fold) and the 5-HT3A receptor (>300-fold). In vivo activity was demonstrated in a preclinical model of cognitive impairment, mouse novel object recognition. BMS-933043 has completed Phase I clinical trials.

6.
Bioorg Med Chem Lett ; 27(5): 1261-1266, 2017 03 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28169167

ABSTRACT

Quinuclidine-containing spirooxazolines, as described in the previous report in this series, were demonstrated to have utility as α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) partial agonists. In this work, the SAR of this chemotype was expanded to include an array of diazine heterocyclic substitutions. Many of the heterocyclic analogs were potent partial agonists of the α7 receptor, selective against other nicotinic receptors and the serotinergic 5HT3A receptor. (1'S,3'R,4'S)-N-(6-phenylpyrimidin-4-yl)-4H-1'-azaspiro[oxazole-5,3'-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan]-2-amine, a potent and selective α7 nAChR partial agonist, was demonstrated to improve cognition in the mouse novel object recognition (NOR) model of episodic memory.


Subject(s)
Drug Design , Octanes/chemical synthesis , Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis , Spiro Compounds/chemical synthesis , alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor/agonists , Animals , Cognition/drug effects , Cognition Disorders/drug therapy , Disease Models, Animal , Mice , Molecular Structure , Octanes/chemistry , Octanes/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Spiro Compounds/chemistry , Spiro Compounds/pharmacology , Structure-Activity Relationship
7.
ACS Med Chem Lett ; 8(1): 133-137, 2017 Jan 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28105289

ABSTRACT

We describe the synthesis of quinuclidine-containing spiroimidates and their utility as α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) partial agonists. A convergent synthetic route allowed for rapid SAR investigation and provided a diverse set of fused 6,5-heteroaryl analogs. Two potent and selective α7 nAChR partial agonists, (1'S,3'R,4'S)-N-(7-bromopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4-yl)-4H-1'-azaspiro[oxazole-5,3'-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan]-2-amine (20) and (1'S,3'R,4'S)-N-(7-chloropyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4-yl)-4H-1'-azaspiro[oxazole-5,3'-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan]-2-amine (21), were identified. Both agonists improved cognition in a preclinical rodent model of learning and memory. Additionally, 5-HT3A receptor SAR suggested the presence of a steric site that when engaged led to significant loss of affinity at that receptor.

8.
J Med Chem ; 59(24): 11171-11181, 2016 12 22.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27958732

ABSTRACT

The design and synthesis of a series of quinuclidine-containing spirooxazolidines ("spiroimidates") and their utility as α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonists are described. Selected members of the series demonstrated excellent selectivity for α7 over the highly homologous 5-HT3A receptor. Modification of the N-spiroimidate heterocycle substituent led to (1S,2R,4S)-N-isoquinolin-3-yl)-4'H-4-azaspiro[bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2,5'oxazol]-2'-amine (BMS-902483), a potent α7 partial agonist, which improved cognition in preclinical rodent models.


Subject(s)
Cyclooctanes/pharmacology , Drug Design , Nicotinic Agonists/pharmacology , Spiro Compounds/pharmacology , alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Cyclooctanes/chemical synthesis , Cyclooctanes/chemistry , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Maze Learning/drug effects , Mice , Molecular Structure , Nicotinic Agonists/chemical synthesis , Nicotinic Agonists/chemistry , Spiro Compounds/chemical synthesis , Spiro Compounds/chemistry , Structure-Activity Relationship
9.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther ; 358(3): 371-86, 2016 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27411717

ABSTRACT

To identify novel targets for neuropathic pain, 3097 mouse knockout lines were tested in acute and persistent pain behavior assays. One of the lines from this screen, which contained a null allele of the adapter protein-2 associated kinase 1 (AAK1) gene, had a normal response in acute pain assays (hot plate, phase I formalin), but a markedly reduced response to persistent pain in phase II formalin. AAK1 knockout mice also failed to develop tactile allodynia following the Chung procedure of spinal nerve ligation (SNL). Based on these findings, potent, small-molecule inhibitors of AAK1 were identified. Studies in mice showed that one such inhibitor, LP-935509, caused a reduced pain response in phase II formalin and reversed fully established pain behavior following the SNL procedure. Further studies showed that the inhibitor also reduced evoked pain responses in the rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model and the rat streptozotocin model of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Using a nonbrain-penetrant AAK1 inhibitor and local administration of an AAK1 inhibitor, the relevant pool of AAK1 for antineuropathic action was found to be in the spinal cord. Consistent with these results, AAK1 inhibitors dose-dependently reduced the increased spontaneous neural activity in the spinal cord caused by CCI and blocked the development of windup induced by repeated electrical stimulation of the paw. The mechanism of AAK1 antinociception was further investigated with inhibitors of α2 adrenergic and opioid receptors. These studies showed that α2 adrenergic receptor inhibitors, but not opioid receptor inhibitors, not only prevented AAK1 inhibitor antineuropathic action in behavioral assays, but also blocked the AAK1 inhibitor-induced reduction in spinal neural activity in the rat CCI model. Hence, AAK1 inhibitors are a novel therapeutic approach to neuropathic pain with activity in animal models that is mechanistically linked (behaviorally and electrophysiologically) to α2 adrenergic signaling, a pathway known to be antinociceptive in humans.


Subject(s)
Neuralgia/drug therapy , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Electrophysiological Phenomena/drug effects , Gene Knockout Techniques , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Male , Mice , Neuralgia/metabolism , Neuralgia/physiopathology , Nociception/drug effects , Phenotype , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/deficiency , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics , Rats , Spinal Cord/drug effects , Spinal Cord/enzymology , Spinal Cord/physiopathology
10.
PLoS One ; 11(7): e0159996, 2016.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27467081

ABSTRACT

The development of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists is considered a promising approach for the treatment of cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia patients. In the present studies we characterized the novel agent, (2R)-N-(6-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-4-pyrimidinyl)-4'H-spiro[4-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2,5'-[1,3]oxazol]-2'-amine (BMS-933043), in vitro and in rodent models of schizophrenia-like deficits in cognition and sensory processing. BMS-933043 showed potent binding affinity to native rat (Ki = 3.3 nM) and recombinant human alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (Ki = 8.1 nM) and agonist activity in a calcium fluorescence assay (EC50 = 23.4 nM) and whole cell voltage clamp electrophysiology (EC50 = 0.14 micromolar (rat) and 0.29 micromolar (human)). BMS-933043 exhibited a partial agonist profile relative to acetylcholine; the relative efficacy for net charge crossing the cell membrane was 67% and 78% at rat and human alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors respectively. BMS-933043 showed no agonist or antagonist activity at other nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes and was at least 300 fold weaker at binding to and antagonizing human 5-HT3A receptors (Ki = 2,451 nM; IC50 = 8,066 nM). BMS-933043 treatment i) improved 24 hour novel object recognition memory in mice (0.1-10 mg/kg, sc), ii) reversed MK-801-induced deficits in Y maze performance in mice (1-10 mg/kg, sc) and set shift performance in rats (1-10 mg/kg, po) and iii) reduced the number of trials required to complete the extradimensional shift discrimination in neonatal PCP treated rats performing the intra-dimensional/extradimensional set shifting task (0.1-3 mg/kg, po). BMS-933043 also improved auditory gating (0.56-3 mg/kg, sc) and mismatch negativity (0.03-3 mg/kg, sc) in rats treated with S(+)ketamine or neonatal phencyclidine respectively. Given this favorable preclinical profile BMS-933043 was selected for further development to support clinical evaluation in humans.


Subject(s)
Cognition Disorders/drug therapy , Quinuclidines/therapeutic use , Schizophrenia/drug therapy , Spiro Compounds/therapeutic use , alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor/agonists , Animals , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Male , Mice , Patch-Clamp Techniques , Quinuclidines/pharmacology , Radioligand Assay , Rats , Schizophrenia/physiopathology , Spiro Compounds/pharmacology
11.
Neuropharmacology ; 102: 121-35, 2016 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26522433

ABSTRACT

Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitors increase the functionality of striatal medium spiny neurons and produce antipsychotic-like effects in rodents by blocking PDE10A mediated hydrolysis of cAMP and/or cGMP. In the current study, we characterized a radiolabeled PDE10A inhibitor, [(3)H]BMS-843496, and developed an ex vivo PDE10 binding autoradiographic assay to explore the relationship between PDE10 binding site occupancy and the observed biochemical and behavioral effects of PDE10 inhibitors in mice. [(3)H]BMS-843496 is a potent PDE10A inhibitor with a binding affinity (KD) of 0.15 nM and a functional selectivity of >100-fold over other PDE subtypes tested. Specific [(3)H]BMS-843496 binding sites were dominant in the basal ganglia, especially the striatum, with low to moderate binding in the cortical and hippocampal areas, of the mouse and monkey brain. Systemic administration of PDE10 inhibitors produced a dose- and plasma/brain concentration-dependent increase in PDE10A occupancy measured in the striatum. PDE10A occupancy was positively correlated with striatal pCREB expression levels. PDE10A occupancy was also correlated with antipsychotic-like effects measured using the conditioned avoidance response model; a minimum of ∼40% occupancy was typically required to achieve efficacy. In contrast, a clear relationship between PDE10A occupancy and catalepsy scores, a potential extrapyramidal symptom readout in rodent, was not evident.


Subject(s)
Antipsychotic Agents/pharmacology , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Brain/drug effects , Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Animals , Binding Sites , Brain/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Macaca fascicularis , Male , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/genetics , Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/metabolism
12.
ACS Med Chem Lett ; 5(7): 760-5, 2014 Jul 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25050161

ABSTRACT

A series of 4-bicyclic heteroaryl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline inhibitors of the serotonin transporter (SERT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and dopamine transporter (DAT) was discovered. The synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of these triple reuptake inhibitors (TRIs) will be discussed. Compound 10i (AMR-2), a very potent inhibitor of SERT, NET, and DAT, showed efficacy in the rat forced-swim and mouse tail suspension models with minimum effective doses of 0.3 and 1 mg/kg (po), respectively. At efficacious doses in these assays, 10i exhibited substantial occupancy levels at the three transporters in both rat and mouse brain. The study of the metabolism of 10i revealed the formation of a significant active metabolite, compound 13.

13.
Nucl Med Biol ; 41(6): 524-35, 2014 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24793011

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: A radioligand for measuring the density of corticotropin-releasing factor subtype-1 receptors (CRF1 receptors) in living animal and human brain with positron emission tomography (PET) would be a useful tool for neuropsychiatric investigations and the development of drugs intended to interact with this target. This study was aimed at discovery of such a radioligand from a group of CRF1 receptor ligands based on a core 3-(phenylamino)-pyrazin-2(1H)-one scaffold. METHODS: CRF1 receptor ligands were selected for development as possible PET radioligands based on their binding potency at CRF1 receptors (displacement of [(125)I]CRF from rat cortical membranes), measured lipophilicity, autoradiographic binding profile in rat and rhesus monkey brain sections, rat biodistribution, and suitability for radiolabeling with carbon-11 or fluorine-18. Two identified candidates (BMS-721313 and BMS-732098) were labeled with fluorine-18. A third candidate (BMS-709460) was labeled with carbon-11 and all three radioligands were evaluated in PET experiments in rhesus monkey. CRF1 receptor density (Bmax) was assessed in rhesus brain cortical and cerebellum membranes with the CRF1 receptor ligand, [(3)H]BMS-728300. RESULTS: The three ligands selected for development showed high binding affinity (IC50 values, 0.3-8nM) at CRF1 receptors and moderate lipophilicity (LogD, 2.8-4.4). [(3)H]BMS-728300 and the two (18)F-labeled ligands showed region-specific binding in rat and rhesus monkey brain autoradiography, namely higher binding density in the frontal and limbic cortex, and cerebellum than in thalamus and brainstem. CRF1 receptor Bmax in rhesus brain was found to be 50-120 fmol/mg protein across cortical regions and cerebellum. PET experiments in rhesus monkey showed that the radioligands [(18)F]BMS-721313, [(18)F]BMS-732098 and [(11)C]BMS-709460 gave acceptably high brain radioactivity uptake but no indication of the specific binding as seen in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: Candidate CRF1 receptor PET radioligands were identified but none proved to be effective for imaging monkey brain CRF1 receptors. Higher affinity radioligands are likely required for successful PET imaging of CRF1 receptors.


Subject(s)
Positron-Emission Tomography/methods , Pyrazines/metabolism , Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism , Animals , Brain/diagnostic imaging , Brain/metabolism , Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic , Ligands , Macaca mulatta , Male , Pyrazines/chemical synthesis , Pyrazines/chemistry , Radiochemistry , Rats , Tissue Distribution
14.
Neuropharmacology ; 73: 1-9, 2013 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23688921

ABSTRACT

Patients with schizophrenia show marked deficits in processing sensory inputs including a reduction in the generation and synchronization of 40 Hz gamma oscillations in response to steady-state auditory stimulation. Such deficits are not readily demonstrable at other input frequencies. Acute administration of NMDA antagonists to healthy human subjects or laboratory animals is known to reproduce many sensory and cognitive deficits seen in schizophrenia patients. In the following study, we tested the hypothesis that the NMDA antagonist MK-801 would selectively disrupt steady-state gamma entrainment in the auditory cortex of urethane-anesthetized rat. Moreover, we further hypothesized that nicotinic receptor activation would alleviate this disruption. Auditory steady state responses were recorded in response to auditory stimuli delivered over a range of frequencies (10-80 Hz) and averaged over 50 trials. Evoked power was computed under baseline condition and after vehicle or MK-801 (0.03 mg/kg, iv). MK-801 produced a significant attenuation in response to 40 Hz auditory stimuli while entrainment to other frequencies was not affected. Time-frequency analysis revealed deficits in both power and phase-locking to 40 Hz. Nicotine (0.1 mg/kg, iv) administered after MK-801 reversed the attenuation of the 40 Hz response. Administered alone, nicotine augmented 40 Hz steady state power and phase-locking. Nicotine's effects were blocked by simultaneous administration of the α4ß2 antagonist DHßE. Thus we report for the first time, a rodent model that mimics a core neurophysiological deficit seen in patients with schizophrenia and a pharmacological approach to alleviate it.


Subject(s)
Auditory Cortex/drug effects , Brain Waves/drug effects , Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology , Nicotine/pharmacology , Acoustic Stimulation , Anesthetics, Intravenous/pharmacology , Animals , Auditory Cortex/physiology , Brain Waves/physiology , Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine/pharmacology , Dizocilpine Maleate/antagonists & inhibitors , Evoked Potentials, Auditory/drug effects , Evoked Potentials, Auditory/physiology , Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology , Male , Nicotine/antagonists & inhibitors , Nicotinic Agonists/pharmacology , Nicotinic Antagonists/pharmacology , Rats , Urethane/pharmacology
15.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther ; 344(3): 686-95, 2013 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23275065

ABSTRACT

A hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is the accumulation of brain amyloid ß-peptide (Aß), generated by γ-secretase-mediated cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Therefore, γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) may lower brain Aß and offer a potential new approach to treat AD. As γ-secretase also cleaves Notch proteins, GSIs can have undesirable effects due to interference with Notch signaling. Avagacestat (BMS-708163) is a GSI developed for selective inhibition of APP over Notch cleavage. Avagacestat inhibition of APP and Notch cleavage was evaluated in cell culture by measuring levels of Aß and human Notch proteins. In rats, dogs, and humans, selectivity was evaluated by measuring plasma blood concentrations in relation to effects on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aß levels and Notch-related toxicities. Measurements of Notch-related toxicity included goblet cell metaplasia in the gut, marginal-zone depletion in the spleen, reductions in B cells, and changes in expression of the Notch-regulated hairy and enhancer of split homolog-1 from blood cells. In rats and dogs, acute administration of avagacestat robustly reduced CSF Aß40 and Aß42 levels similarly. Chronic administration in rats and dogs, and 28-day, single- and multiple-ascending-dose administration in healthy human subjects caused similar exposure-dependent reductions in CSF Aß40. Consistent with the 137-fold selectivity measured in cell culture, we identified doses of avagacestat that reduce CSF Aß levels without causing Notch-related toxicities. Our results demonstrate the selectivity of avagacestat for APP over Notch cleavage, supporting further evaluation of avagacestat for AD therapy.


Subject(s)
Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors , Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/antagonists & inhibitors , Oxadiazoles/pharmacology , Sulfonamides/pharmacology , Adolescent , Adult , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism , Animals , Cells, Cultured , Dogs , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, Notch/metabolism , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Young Adult
16.
Neuropharmacology ; 67: 284-93, 2013 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23174340

ABSTRACT

BMS-763534 is a potent (CRF(1) IC(50) = 0.4 nM) and selective (>1000-fold selectivity vs. all other sites tested) CRF(1) receptor antagonist (pA2 = 9.47 vs. CRF(1)-mediated cAMP production in Y79 cells). BMS-763534 accelerated the dissociation of (125)I-o-CRF from rat frontal cortex membrane CRF(1) receptors consistent with a negative allosteric modulation of CRF binding. BMS-763534 produced dose-dependent increases in CRF(1) receptor occupancy and anxiolytic efficacy; lowest effective anxiolytic dose = 0.56 mg/kg, PO, which was associated with 71 ± 5% CRF(1) receptor occupancy of frontoparietal CRF(1) receptors. Sedative/ataxic effects of BMS-763534 were only observed at high dose multiples (54-179×) relative to the lowest dose required for anxiolytic efficacy. At doses of 5- to 18-fold higher than the lowest efficacious dose in the anxiety assay, BMS-763534 shared subjective effects with the benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide. Interestingly BMS-790318, the O-demethylated metabolite of BMS-763534, showed weak affinity for the TBOB site of the GABA(A) receptor (67% inhibition at 10 µM) and augmented GABA evoked currents (EC(50) = 1.6 µM). Thus, the unanticipated signal in the drug discrimination assay may have resulted from an interaction of the metabolite BMS-790318 with the TBOB site on the GABA(A) channel where it appears to behave as an allosteric potentiator of GABA evoked currents.


Subject(s)
Aminopyridines/pharmacology , Motor Activity/drug effects , Motor Activity/physiology , Pyrazines/pharmacology , Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism , Aminopyridines/chemistry , Aminopyridines/metabolism , Animals , Cell Line, Tumor , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Male , Protein Binding/physiology , Pyrazines/chemistry , Pyrazines/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Inbred SHR , Sheep , Swine
18.
J Physiol ; 589(Pt 20): 4857-84, 2011 Oct 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21807615

ABSTRACT

Depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) is a prevailing form of endocannabinoid signalling. However, several discrepancies have arisen regarding the roles played by the two major brain endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide, in mediating DSI. Here we studied endocannabinoid signalling in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), where several components of the endocannabinoid system have been identified, but endocannabinoid signalling remains largely unexplored. In voltage clamp recordings from mouse PFC pyramidal neurons, depolarizing steps significantly suppressed IPSCs induced by application of the cholinergic agonist carbachol. DSI in PFC neurons was abolished by extra- or intracellular application of tetrahydrolipstatin (THL), an inhibitor of the 2-AG synthesis enzyme diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL). Moreover, DSI was enhanced by inhibiting 2-AG degradation, but was unaffected by inhibiting anandamide degradation. THL, however, may affect other enzymes of lipid metabolism and does not selectively target the α (DAGLα) or ß (DAGLß) isoforms of DAGL. Therefore, we studied DSI in the PFC of DAGLα(-/-) and DAGLß(-/-) mice generated via insertional mutagenesis by gene-trapping with retroviral vectors. Gene trapping strongly reduced DAGLα or DAGLß mRNA levels in a locus-specific manner. In DAGLα(-/-) mice cortical levels of 2-AG were significantly decreased and DSI was completely abolished, whereas DAGLß deficiency did not alter cortical 2-AG levels or DSI. Importantly, cortical levels of anandamide were not significantly affected in DAGLα(-/-) or DAGLß(-/-) mice. The chronic decrease of 2-AG levels in DAGLα(-/-) mice did not globally alter inhibitory transmission or the response of cannabinoid-sensitive synapses to cannabinoid receptor stimulation, although it altered some intrinsic membrane properties. Finally, we found that repetitive action potential firing of PFC pyramidal neurons suppressed synaptic inhibition in a DAGLα-dependent manner. These results show that DSI is a prominent form of endocannabinoid signalling in PFC circuits. Moreover, the close agreement between our pharmacological and genetic studies indicates that 2-AG synthesized by postsynaptic DAGLα mediates DSI in PFC neurons.


Subject(s)
Arachidonic Acids/physiology , Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/physiology , Endocannabinoids , Glycerides/physiology , Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials/physiology , Lipoprotein Lipase/physiology , Neural Inhibition/physiology , Prefrontal Cortex/physiology , Animals , Carbachol/pharmacology , Cholinergic Agonists/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , In Vitro Techniques , Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects , Isoenzymes/antagonists & inhibitors , Isoenzymes/deficiency , Isoenzymes/physiology , Lipoprotein Lipase/antagonists & inhibitors , Lipoprotein Lipase/deficiency , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Neural Inhibition/drug effects , Patch-Clamp Techniques , Polyunsaturated Alkamides , Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects , Pyramidal Cells/drug effects , Pyramidal Cells/physiology
19.
ACS Med Chem Lett ; 1(3): 120-4, 2010 Jun 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24900185

ABSTRACT

During the course of our research efforts to develop a potent and selective γ-secretase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, we investigated a series of carboxamide-substituted sulfonamides. Optimization based on potency, Notch/amyloid-ß precursor protein selectivity, and brain efficacy after oral dosing led to the discovery of 4 (BMS-708163). Compound 4 is a potent inhibitor of γ-secretase (Aß40 IC50 = 0.30 nM), demonstrating a 193-fold selectivity against Notch. Oral administration of 4 significantly reduced Aß40 levels for sustained periods in brain, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid in rats and dogs.

20.
J Med Chem ; 52(23): 7653-68, 2009 Dec 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19954247

ABSTRACT

Detailed metabolic characterization of 8, an earlier lead pyrazinone-based corticotropin-releasing factor-1 (CRF(1)) receptor antagonist, revealed that this compound formed significant levels of reactive metabolites, as measured by in vivo and in vitro biotransformation studies. This was of particular concern due to the body of evidence suggesting that reactive metabolites may be involved in idiosyncratic drug reactions. Further optimization of the structure-activity relationships and in vivo properties of pyrazinone-based CRF(1) receptor antagonists and studies to assess the formation of reactive metabolites led to the discovery of 19e, a high affinity CRF(1) receptor antagonist (IC(50) = 0.86 nM) wherein GSH adducts were estimated to be only 0.1% of the total amount of drug-related material excreted through bile and urine, indicating low levels of reactive metabolite formation in vivo. A novel 6-(difluoromethoxy)-2,5-dimethylpyridin-3-amine group in 19e contributed to the potency and improved in vivo properties of this compound and related analogues. 19e had excellent pharmacokinetic properties in rats and dogs and showed efficacy in the defensive withdrawal model of anxiety in rats. The lowest efficacious dose was 1.8 mg/kg. The results of a two-week rat safety study with 19e indicated that this compound was well-tolerated.


Subject(s)
Pyrazines/metabolism , Pyrazines/pharmacology , Pyridines/metabolism , Pyridines/pharmacology , Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/antagonists & inhibitors , Administration, Oral , Animals , Biological Availability , Dogs , Drug Discovery , Drug Stability , Humans , Male , Pyrazines/administration & dosage , Pyrazines/pharmacokinetics , Pyridines/administration & dosage , Pyridines/pharmacokinetics , Rats
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