Context-Aware Pending Interest Table Management Scheme for NDN-Based VANETs.

In terms of delivery effectiveness, Vehicular Adhoc NETworks (VANETs) applications have multiple, possibly conflicting, and disparate needs (e.g., latency, reliability, and delivery priorities). Named Data Networking (NDN) has attracted the attention of the research community for effective content retrieval and dissemination in mobile environments such as VANETs. A vehicle in a VANET application is heavily reliant on information about the content, network, and application, which can be obtained from a variety of sources. The information gathered can be used as context to make better decisions. While it is difficult to obtain the necessary context information at the IP network layer, the emergence of NDN is changing the tide. The Pending Information Table (PIT) is an important player in NDN data retrieval. PIT size is the bottleneck due to the limited opportunities provided by current memory technologies. PIT overflow results in service disruptions as new Interest messages cannot be added to PIT. Adaptive, context-aware PIT entry management solutions must be introduced to NDN-based VANETs for effective content dissemination. In this context, our main contribution is a decentralised, context-aware PIT entry management (CPITEM) protocol. The simulation results show that the proposed CPITEM protocol achieves lower Interest Satisfaction Delay and effective PIT utilization based on context when compared to existing PIT entry replacement protocols.

Context-Aware Naming and Forwarding in NDN-Based VANETs.

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is a technology that allows ubiquitous mobility to mobile users. Inter-vehicle communication is an integral component of intelligent transportation systems that enables a wide variety of applications where vehicles interact and cooperate with each other, from safety applications to non-safety applications. VANETs applications have different needs (e.g., latency, reliability, delivery priorities, etc.) in terms of delivery effectiveness. In the last decade, named data networking (NDN) gained the attention of the research community for effective content retrieval and dissemination in mobile environments such as VANETs. In NDN, the content's name has a vital role in storing and retrieving the content effectively and efficiently. In NDN-based VANETs, adaptive content dissemination solutions must be introduced that can make decisions related to forwarding, cache management, etc., based on context information represented by a content name. In this context, our main contributions are two-fold: (i) we present the hierarchical context-aware content-naming (CACN) scheme for NDN-based VANETs that enables naming the safety and non-safety applications, and (ii) we present a decentralized context-aware notification (DCN) protocol that broadcasts event notification information for awareness within the application-based geographical area. Simulation results show that the proposed DCN protocol succeeds in achieving reduced transmissions, bandwidth, and energy compared to existing critical contents dissemination protocols.

Nanosuspension enhances dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Terminalia arjuna bark extract in vivo and in vitro

Objective: To enhance the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Terminalia arjuna bark extract by formulating its nanosuspension. Methods: Nanoprecipitation approach was used for the formulation of nanosuspension using polysorbate-80 as a stabilizer. The formulated nanosuspension was assessed for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential value and for in vitro dissolution study. Oral bioavailability studies were carried out in Wistar male albino rats by administering a single dose (50 mg/kg. b. wt) of the formulated nanosuspension and coarse suspension. The storage stability of the formulated nanosuspension was determined after three months of storage at room temperature and under the refrigerated condition. Mutagenicity assay was carried out to evaluate the toxicity of the formulated nanosuspension using two mutant strains (Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and Salmonella typhimurium TA98).Results: The mean particle size of the formulated nanosuspension was 90.53 nm with polydispersity index and zeta potential values of 0.175 and ?15.7 mV, respectively. Terminalia arjuna nanosuspension showed improved dissolution rate and 1.33-fold higher oral bioavailability than its coarse suspension. The formulated nanosuspension also showed better stability under the refrigerated condition and was non-mutagenic against both strains. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that nanosuspension technology can effectively enhance the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Terminalia arjuna bark extract.