ABSTRACT
Introducción: podemos encontrar mujeres pioneras en Pediatría y Puericultura en España, a principios del siglo XX, para rescatarlas del olvido y subrayar su papel dentro de la conquista del espacio público para la mujer. Nieves González Barrio (1884-1961) fue una de ellas. Objetivo: describir su vida profesional como pionera médica y pediatra-puericultora (biografía histórica), enmarcada en un contexto humanístico. Material y métodos: estudio histórico, hemerográfico (Biblioteca Nacional de España [BNE], BNF-Gallica [biblioteca de Francia], diario ABC, Memorias de la Junta de Ampliación de Estudios, la propia González Barrio en Blanco y Negro en 1935, y otros). Seleccionados: 22 artículos científicos, más 26 de prensa histórica y libros. Resultados: González Barrio presentó su tesis doctoral en 1915, sobre Kala-Azar. Fue médica pionera en los viajes formativos a EE. UU. Su actividad: la Medicina de Laboratorio y la Pediatría. Fue profesora (1926-1931) en la Escuela Nacional de Puericultura, encargada del laboratorio y de organizar el servicio de enfermeras visitadoras y niñeras. Fue una promotora de la especialización en enfermería. Perteneció a diversas instituciones médicas y educadoras, y de promoción de la mujer (el Lyceum Club femenino y otras). Comentarios: fue de las primeras médicas pediatras en España, doctoradas, y pionera en formación internacional, en investigación y docencia. Su vida profesional se vio truncada por los vaivenes de la política española y de la Sanidad, así como necesidades familiares. Su figura, su determinación personal, su legado, su gran capacidad polifacética y su labor como mujer científica y pediatra merecen ser tenidas en consideración y estudiadas en profundidad (AU)
Introduction. At the beginning of the 20th century, we can find and rescue from oblivion pioneer women in Pediatrics and Puericulture in Spain, to underline their role within the conquest of public space for women. María Nieves González Barrio (1884-1961) was one of them. Objective: to describe her professional life as a pioneering physician and pediatrician-pediatrician-puericulturist (historical biography), framed in a humanistic context.Material and methods. Historical and hemerographic study (BNE-National Library of Spain-, BNF-Gallica (library of France), ABC newspaper, Memoirs of the Junta de Ampliación de Estudios, González Barrio herself in Black and White in 1935, and others). Selected: 22 scientific articles and books, plus 26 historical press articles.Results. González Barrio presented her doctoral thesis in 1915, on Kala-Azar. She was a pioneer physician in formative trips to the USA. Her activity: Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics. She was a professor at the National School of Puericulture, from 1926 to 1931, in charge of the laboratory and of organizing the service of visiting nurses and nannies. She was a promoter of nursing specialization. She belonged to several medical and educational institutions, and for the promotion of women, such as the Women's Lyceum Club and others.Comments. She was one of the first pediatric doctors in Spain, with a doctorate, and a pioneer in international training, research and teaching. Her professional life was truncated by the ups and downs of Spanish politics and healthcare, as well as family needs. Her figure, personal determination, legacy, her great multifaceted capacity and her work as a woman scientist and pediatrician deserve to be taken into consideration and studied in greater depth. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Pediatrics/history , SpainSubject(s)
Humans , Female , Infant , History, 20th Century , Health Promotion/history , Breast Feeding/history , Disclosure , 50135 , SpainSubject(s)
Humans , Feminism , Physicians, Women , Congresses as Topic , Child Welfare , Women's Rights , PediatricsABSTRACT
The Chernobyl nuclear accident of 1986 released large quantities of radioactive material causing heavy contamination in widespread areas of the former Soviet Union. Each summer, several hundred children visit Spain from Chernobyl. In this article we describe the accident, the environmental contamination, the mechanisms of radiation injury and the dose-response relationships. We review the health effects of exposure to ionizing radiation and the health impact of the Chernobyl catastrophe. We propose guidelines for the medical management and evaluation of children on temporary visits. The health status of adults and especially that of children in Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian Federation has been adversely affected. According to present knowledge, Chernobyl has given rise to a marked increase in the incidence of papillary thyroid cancer, psychological consequences and socioeconomic disruption. Many studies report that the incidence of other diseases has increased, but not all health problems seen after the nuclear accident can be attributed to radiation. Given the long latency period for diseases induced by radiation exposure, long-term follow-up of all potentially affected individuals is important. Fifteen years after the Chernobyl accident the international community is still learning scientific, medical and humanitarian lessons.
