[An expert system for controlling the physical training program of crews on long-term space missions]. / Ekspertnaia sistema upravleniia fizicheskimi trenirovkami ékipazha v dlitel'nom kosmicheskom polete.

The concept of in-flight expert system for controlling (ESC) the physical training program during extended, including Martian, space missions has been developed based on the literature dedicated to the microgravity countermeasures and a retrospective analysis of effectiveness of the known ESC methods. This concept and the principle of crew autonomy were used as prime assumptions for defining the structure of ESC-based training in long-duration and planetary missions.

[Health-promoting technologies of the 21st century: realities and prospects]. / Ozdorovitel'nye tekhnologii XXI veka: realii i perspektivy.

The paper outlines present-day progress and prospects of new-generation health-promoting technologies by automatic control over physical condition and by drawing up individual health-promoting physical exercises and elaborating a basically new approach to evaluating the physical condition of each specific human being with regard to the naturally different qualities of individuals in the population. The authors propose a family of computer-aided diagnostically recommended expert systems which provide not only new possibilities of improving physical education, but can be used in solving other tasks of health-promotion.

Certain approaches to the development of on-board automated training system.

Perspectives of long-term space programs make it necessary to develop autonomous computer expert system for crew-members physical state control. The purpose of the work--to develop a set of objective formalizable physiological indices of working capacity suitable for reliable algorithmization of physical state control. Investigations were performed in on-earth microgravity simulation (3- and 7-day dry immersion, 6 subjects; 4-month antiorthostatic hypokinesy, 10 subjects) with volunteers' participation as well with 34 members of MIR-station expeditions during flights. Model exercise investigations were made also with 20 young male volunteers to evaluate the validity of different physical state indices. A set of indices was found which, being simple enough for measuring, performs to get satisfactory adequate evaluations of current organism physical state in long-term real or simulated microgravity. It was proved that some ergometric indices along with heart rate derivatives could reflect real working ability even better than traditional characteristics of organism energy systems state.

[Application of plasma scalpel for cholecystectomy]. / Kholetsist'ektomiia s primeneniem plazmennogo skal'pelia.

Plasma scalpel SUPR-M was used in operative treatment of calculous cholecystitis. Two variants of cholecystectomy with plasma scalpel have been worked out in experiment. It was determined, that the influence of plasma spurt is innocuous for hepatic tissues, it helps to achieve complete demucosation of the mucous membrane of the gall bladder in atypical variants of cholecystectomy, prevents bleeding and bile leakage from the bladder bead in typical cholecytectomy. In clinics the operation procedures were carried out in 176 patients, in 20 of them cholecystectomy was performed atypically, leaving gall bladder wall, adjacent to hepatic surface, in place. In postoperative period were no complications connected with the use of plasma scalpel as well as there were no lethal outcomes. Long-term follow-up of the patients for 5 years showed favourable clinical effect.

[Comparative analysis of the informational merits of ergometric and functional indicators of work capacity]. / Sravnitel'nyi analiz informativnosti érgometricheskikh i funktsional'nykh pokazatelei rabotosposobnosti.

Informational merits of ergometric and routine functional indices (MPK, anaerobic threshold--AT, PWC170) were compared by testing performance of 20 young males with high levels of fitness. Criterion for work ability was maximum time of rowing ergometer with incremental loading and two tests with permanent load in the regions of submaximum (about 7 W/kg) and high (about 4 W/kg) loading. Ergometric indices, i.e. individual limits of relative power, were calculated from Muller's equation tlim = eb x W-a. Before, during, and after 5-20 minutes of test session gas exchange, pulse rate, and blood lactate were measured to calculate MPK, AT and PWC170, and oxygen demand fraction. Ergometric indices were found to be no less informative in evaluation of work ability than the common indices involving determination of gas exchange, PR and lactate. Ergometric and functional indices showed high correlation. It was stated that none of the indices can be equally informative regarding all types of work ability testing. Application of two-increment test and subsequent calculation using Muller's equation allows to get around the principle of uncertainty according to which none of the test can be at one and the same time used to assess power and capacity of energy systems of the skeletal muscles. Besides, ergometric tests provide reliable enough characteristics of work ability without resort to expensive and bulky equipment.

[Effect of single and systematically repeated physical exercise on the threshold of anaerobic metabolism]. / Vliianie odnokratnykh i sistematicheski povtoriaiushchikhsia fizicheskikh nagruzok na porog anaérobnogo obmena.

The anerobic threshold (AT) has been defined in 37 healthy young subjects and adults after single and repeated exercises close to the threshold one as regards the intensity. Single exercise lasted 1.5--2 h, whereas repeated ones 7 days to 5 months. The AT has been found to drop significantly at single exercises and to increase at systematic exercises lasting 30 days and more.