[An integrated approach to the analysis of microtraces of human biological materials].

Analysis of microscopic amounts of human tissues and excreta is one of the most difficult forms of forensic medical expert examination of material evidence. The integrated approach proposed for the purpose includes both parallel and successive analyses of all constituent components of a given biological object using a battery of methods, such as destructive, partially destructive, and non-destructive tests. The integrated approach makes it possible to obtain reliable information at the initial stages of the study and substantially reduce the scope of work in case of early negative results in order to diminish labour inputs and save expensive reagents. Special importance should be given to the coordination of joint activities of specialists engaged in immunochemical, cytomorphological, and genetic studies.

[Possible difficulties in molecular-genetic expertise in cases with insufficiently high individual significance of the results (as exemplified by a complex case with disputable maternity)]. / O vozmozhnykh zatrudeniiakh molekuliarno-genetichesko kspertizy pri nedostatochno vysoko individualiziruiushche znachimosti rezul'tatov (na primere slozhnogo sluchaia osparivaemogo materinstva).

Molecular genetic technologies used in forensic medical expert evaluations help quantitatively evaluate the significance of coincidence or non-coincidence of signs in personality identification and in expert evaluation of kinship identification (disputable paternity or maternity). The level of validity of evidences, which can be considered necessary and sufficient, is the principal problem in such cases. Analyzing a complex case with disputable maternity, the authors discuss problems illustrating the necessity of attaining a high level of validity of the results for drawing a justified expert conclusion. Only high validity standard can rule out errors in interpretation of the results, otherwise the significance of the detected complex of signs can be insufficient for an unambiguous solution of an expert task.