ABSTRACT
STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. OBJECTIVES: To identify multivariate interactions of respiratory function that are sensitive to spinal cord injury level and pharmacological treatment to promote strategies that increase successful liberation from mechanical ventilation. SETTING: United States regional spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment center. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of patients consecutively admitted to Santa Clara Valley Medical Center between May 2013 and December 2014 for ventilator weaning with C1-C5 American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) A or B SCI, <3 months from injury and who had a tracheostomy in place. A nonlinear, categorical principal component analysis (NL-PCA) was performed to test the multivariate interaction of respiratory outcomes from patients (N=36) being weaned off ventilator support after acute SCI with (N=15) or without (N=21) theophylline treatment. RESULTS: In total, 36 patients met inclusion criteria (2 C1, 5 C2, 11 C3, 14 C4 and 4 C5). The NL-PCA returned three independent components that accounted for 95% of the variance in the data set. Multivariate general linear models hypothesis tests revealed a significant syndromic interaction between theophylline treatment and SCI level (Wilks' Lambda, P=0.028, F (12,64)=2.116, η2=0.256, 1-ß=0.838), with post hoc testing demonstrating a significant interaction on PC1, explained by a positive correlation between improved forced vital capacity and time it took to reach 16 h of ventilator-free breathing. Thirty-three patients (92%) achieved 16 h of ventilator-free breathing (VFB) and 30 patients (83%) achieved 24 h of VFB. CONCLUSIONS: We suspect that some portion of the high success rate of ventilator weaning may be attributable to theophylline use in higher cervical SCI, in addition to our aggressive regimen of high volume ventilation, medication optimization and pulmonary toilet (positive pressure treatments and mechanical insufflation-exsufflation).
Subject(s)
Respiratory Therapy , Spinal Cord Injuries/complications , Spinal Cord Injuries/therapy , Acute Disease , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Cervical Vertebrae , Female , Humans , Linear Models , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , Nonlinear Dynamics , Principal Component Analysis , Retrospective Studies , Theophylline/therapeutic use , Tracheostomy , Treatment Outcome , Vasodilator Agents/therapeutic use , Young AdultABSTRACT
STUDY DESIGN: Literature review. OBJECTIVES: To explore the prevalence or incidence, risk factors, and costs of pressure ulcers among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), specifically in the context of the developing world. To highlight important targets for intervention and research for pressure ulcer management the world over. SETTING: World Bank 'low-income' and 'middle-income' countries with a gross national income per capita <$12 746. METHODS: PubMed search. RESULTS: SCI-associated pressure ulcers are very prevalent in developing nations; however, reported prevalence and incidence numbers are highly variable. Risk factors for pressure ulcers are similar in developed and developing countries however many of the risk factors are more prevalent in developing nations. CONCLUSION: SCI-associated pressure ulcers are common but can be prevented in the developing world. Key targets for interventions include acute care, nurse-to-patient ratios, support surfaces and education.
