Phase II study of gemcitabine, cisplatin, and infusional fluorouracil in advanced pancreatic cancer.

PURPOSE: This phase II study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of adding infusional fluorouracil (FU) to the chemotherapy doublet of gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The eligibility criteria included histologically or cytologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the pancreas that was either unresectable or metastatic. No prior gemcitabine therapy was allowed. Patients received a combination of gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) on days 1, 8, and 15; cisplatin 50 mg/m2 IV on days 1 and 15; and FU 175 mg/m2/d from days 1 to 15 by continuous IV infusion. Cycles were repeated every 28 days. Objective tumor response and toxicity were evaluated according to the World Health Organization criteria. RESULTS: A total of 47 patients (median age, 57 years; males, 59%) were enrolled. Sixteen patients had locally advanced (LA) disease, and 31 patients had metastatic disease. A total of 183 cycles of chemotherapy were administered. In patients with metastatic disease (n = 31), the probability of survival at 6 and 12 months was 66% and 34%, respectively. Objective partial response or stable disease was observed in 26% (90% confidence interval [CI], 0.14 to 0.41) and 61% (90% CI, 0.45 to 0.74) of patients, respectively. In patients with LA disease (n = 16), there were three partial responses (19%; 90 CI, 0.07 to 0.39). One patient in this group was successfully resected after FU-based radiotherapy. The most common grade 3 to 4 toxicities were neutropenia (60%), thrombocytopenia (42%), and anemia (26%). Thirteen patients were hospitalized for treatment-related complications. CONCLUSION: The combination of gemcitabine, cisplatin, and infusional FU has significant activity in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.

Phase I trial of radiation dose escalation with concurrent weekly full-dose gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.

PURPOSE: The primary objective of this phase I trial was to determine the maximum-tolerated dose of radiation that could be delivered to the primary tumor concurrent with full-dose gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty seven patients with unresectable (n = 34) or incompletely resected pancreatic cancer (n = 3) were treated. Gemcitabine was administered as a 30-minute intravenous infusion at a dose of 1,000 mg/m(2) on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle. Radiation therapy was initiated on day 1 and directed at the primary tumor alone, without prophylactic nodal coverage. The starting radiation dose was 24 Gy in 1.6-Gy fractions. Escalation was achieved by increasing the fraction size in increments of 0.2 Gy, keeping the duration of radiation constant at 3 weeks. A second cycle of gemcitabine alone was intended after a 1-week rest. RESULTS: Two of six assessable patients experienced dose-limiting toxicity at the final planned dose level of the trial (42 Gy in 2.8-Gy fractions), one with grade 4 vomiting and one with gastric/duodenal ulceration. Two additional patients at this dose level experienced late gastrointestinal toxicity that required surgical management. CONCLUSION: The final dose investigated (42 Gy) is not recommended for further study considering the occurrence of both acute and late toxicity. However, a phase II trial of this novel gemcitabine-based chemoradiotherapy approach, at a radiation dose of 36 Gy in 2.4-Gy fractions, is recommended on the basis of tolerance, patterns of failure, and survival data.

Combined-modality therapy in pancreatic cancer: current status and future directions.

The use of chemotherapy with concurrent radiation therapy remains a standard treatment option for patients with unresectable or resected adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. This treatment strategy is based in large part on data from serial Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group (GITSG) trials, which have included 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Unfortunately, the majority of patients continue to succumb to the disease process. Recently, there has been a resurgence in clinical trials investigating alternative combined modality treatment strategies for patients with pancreatic cancer. In this review, we will summarize both the mature and more recent data pertaining to combined modality therapy for patients with unresectable or resected pancreatic cancer. Strategies utilizing concurrent gemcitabine, alternative radiation therapy techniques, and/or altered sequencing of therapies will be highlighted. Such modifications to the approach in use since the 1980s will need to be fully considered as clinical trials utilizing chemoradiotherapy regimens and new systemic agents or novel targeted therapies are designed.

Phase II study of gemcitabine and cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic carcinoma is considered among the most chemoresistant of human malignancies. The most commonly used cytotoxic single agents, 5-fluorouracil and 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluorocytidine (gemcitabine), have objective response rates of less than 10% in large studies. Hypothesizing noncross resistance and a synergistic interaction between gemcitabine and cisplatin, early clinical studies have demonstrated significant activity with this combination in patients with several types of malignant disease. A Phase II study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of gemcitabine in combination with cisplatin in patients with locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic carcinoma based on these considerations. METHODS: The eligibility criteria included histologically confirmed, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic exocrine carcinoma of the pancreas with no prior gemcitabine therapy; prior adjuvant therapy was allowed provided the last day of therapy was at least 6 months prior to starting treatment; clinically measurable or evaluable disease; a Southwest Oncology Group scale performance status of 0-2; a life expectancy of > 12 weeks; and adequate bone marrow, hepatic, and renal function. A total of 42 patients, 4 patients with locally advanced, unresectable disease and 38 patients with metastatic disease, were treated and received a total of 211 cycles of therapy between May 1997 to March 1999. The median age of patients was 61.5 years. The patients were treated in the outpatient setting with a combination of gemcitabine 1,000 mg/M(2) intravenously over 30 minutes administered on Days 1, 8, and 15 of each cycle and cisplatin 50 mg/M(2) intravenously administered after gemcitabine infusion on Days 1 and 15 with adequate prehydration accompanied by adequate urinary output. Cycles were repeated every 28 days. Response and toxicity were assessed according to World Health Organization and standard criteria. RESULTS: The complete and partial response rate among all 42 registered patients was 11 of 42 patients (26%; 95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.42). Stabilization of disease was seen in 15 patients (38%). Two additional patients with metastatic disease who achieved major responses to chemotherapy were rendered free of disease surgically, achieving a complete response status. The median overall survival was 7.1 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.3-9.1 months), with 64% of patients alive at 6 months and 19% of patients alive at 12 months. The median time to disease progression was 5.4 months (range, 0.9-20.8 months). Major toxicities were neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, with one episode of neutropenic fever. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin appeared to have significantly greater activity than single-agent gemcitabine in this Phase II study, with tolerable toxicity. The antitumor activity of this combination needs to be confirmed in multi-institutional or comparative trials.

Phase II study of liposomal doxorubicin in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.

Doxil is a liposomal preparation of doxorubicin that results in prolonged pharmacologic exposure in vivo to the active agent. We sought to test the hypothesis that this new formulation would result in improved efficacy in patients with colorectal cancer. Patients with advanced colorectal cancer who had received prior therapy were eligible for the trial. Treatment consisted of Doxil 45 mg/m2 intravenously every 3 weeks. Seventeen patients entered the trial and they received a median of two cycles of treatment. None of the patients had a partial response to treatment. Stable disease was the best response, and one patient received therapy for 17 cycles before her disease progressed. The therapy was well tolerated, with only two patients having the dose decreased because of hand-foot syndrome. Four patients experienced allergic reactions during the infusion, but with appropriate premedication and slowing of the infusion, treatment was able to be resumed without difficulty. No greater than grade I neutropenia or thrombocytopenia developed in any patient. Although Doxil was well tolerated at this dose and schedule, it was not an active agent in this group of patients. Doxil alone or in combination with other agents is worthy of further study in cancers responsive to doxorubicin.

Cisplatin, cytarabine, caffeine, and continuously infused 5-fluorouracil (PACE) in the treatment of advanced pancreatic carcinoma: a phase II study.

Encouraging results using cisplatin, cytarabine, and caffeine for the treatment of pancreatic carcinoma prompted a phase II study using these agents and adding continuous intravenous infusion (CI) 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (PACE). Patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma who had not received prior cytotoxic therapy were eligible. Treatment consisted of the following: on day 1, the administration of cisplatin 100 mg/m2 IV, cytarabine 2 g/m2 IV every 12 hours x 2 doses, and caffeine 400 mg/m2 subcutaneously after each cytarabine dose; and on days 3 to 21, 5-FU 250 mg/m2/day given by CI. Cycles were repeated every 28 days. Thirty eligible patients were entered in the study. The median number of cycles received was three. Grade IV neutropenia and thrombocytopenia occurred in 53% and 27% of patients, respectively. Among 30 treated patients, complete remission (CR) was seen in 2 patients and partial remission (PR) in 3 patients, for an overall response rate of 16.7% (95% confidence interval 6.8-32.4%). The median survival was 5.0 months (range: 0.3-32.4 months) and 16.7% and 10% of patients were alive at 1 and 2 years. respectively. Changes in the serum level of CA 19-9 provided an early marker of response which translated in differences in survival. Those with increasing or decreasing/stable levels of CA 19-9 after the first cycle of therapy had median survivals of 1.7 and 8.3 months, respectively (p = 0.0002). Although PACE chemotherapy produced durable responses in pancreatic cancer, the toxicity was substantial. A modification of this regimen with newer, less toxic drugs may provide better results and reduced toxicity. Also, the monitoring of the serum CA 19-9 level may provide a means to assess response and predict survival.

Multidrug resistance phenotype in high grade soft tissue sarcoma: correlation of P-glycoprotein immunohistochemistry with pathologic response to chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux has been implicated as an important mechanism of multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer. Its role in chemotherapy resistance in soft tissue sarcoma is unclear. METHODS: Tumor specimens prior to and following neoadjuvant chemotherapy from 29 cases of high grade soft tissue sarcoma were analyzed with 2 monoclonal antibodies (C494 and JSB-1) that recognize different epitopes of P-glycoprotein. Staining intensity was graded 0 = negative, 1 = equivocal, 2 = moderate, 3 = strong. Only cases with Grade 2 or 3 staining intensity with both antibodies were considered MDR positive. The resection specimens were evaluated for tumor necrosis postchemotherapy. Pathologic response was graded as good for <15%, moderate for 15-50%, or poor for >50% posttreatment tumor viability. RESULTS: Of the 29 pretreatment specimens, 10 (34%) were MDR positive and 19 (66%) were MDR negative. Pathologic response to treatment was characterized as good in 6, moderate in 7, and poor in 16 patients. Of the MDR positive biopsies, 9 (90%) had poor response, compared with 7 (36%) in the MDR negative biopsy group (P = 0.0078). None of the cases with MDR positive biopsies had a good response, compared with 6 cases in which biopsies were MDR negative (32%) (P = 0.057). Only one MDR negative case became MDR positive posttreatment. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of MDR phenotype is found in approximately one-third of high grade soft tissue sarcomas. These preliminary data show a significant correlation between MDR phenotype and poor pathologic response to chemotherapy, and suggest that MDR induction by chemotherapy in soft tissue sarcoma is an uncommon event.

High-grade extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma: a high-grade epithelioid malignancy.

AIMS: Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma is typically a low-to-intermediate grade sarcoma that is associated with a prolonged clinical course. High-grade forms are rare and not well characterized. In this series we report the clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings in four cases of high-grade extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. METHODS AND RESULTS: The patients were three men and one woman (ages 34-73 years) with tumours located in the thigh (two cases), paraspinal soft tissue and perineum. Three patients had metastases, one at 12 weeks, one at 10 months, and one at presentation of recurrent tumour. In the latter case the original tumour was low grade and became high grade when it recurred 3.5 years later. All three patients died of disease. One patient was lost to follow-up. The most striking histological feature in all four tumours was the presence of numerous large epithelioid cells. These cells were arranged in cords within myxoid matrix and in sheets devoid of matrix. Two tumours had areas of conventional extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma intermixed with the high-grade areas. One tumour showed transition to high-grade spindle cell sarcoma. One tumour had cells with rhabdoid features. Immunohistochemically, two tumours focally expressed S100 protein, and one focally expressed EMA. All were negative with cytokeratin, desmin, smooth muscle actin, HMB45, CD31 and CD34. Ultrastructural features in three cases were compatible with chondrosarcoma; one tumour had aggregates of microtubules within rough endoplasmic reticulum, a characteristic feature of this tumour. CONCLUSIONS: High-grade extraskeletal myxoid chondrosaroma is a rare and aggressive soft tissue sarcoma, and should be included in the differential diagnosis of other epithelioid malignancies.

Hepatic chemoembolization combined with systemic infusion of 5-fluorouracil and bolus leucovorin for patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma: A Southwest Oncology Group pilot trial.

BACKGROUND: Rates of response to systemic chemotherapy among patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma rarely exceed 25- 30%, and complete responses are rare. The liver is the most common site of metastasis; however, regional therapies have not improved survival rates. The Southwest Oncology Group designed a clinical trial combining hepatic arterial chemoembolization with systemic infusion of 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy in an attempt to increase the complete response rate and prolong the time to disease progression. METHODS: Patients with documented liver metastasis from colorectal carcinoma were treated with two or three cycles of chemoembolization using a collagen suspension with doxorubicin, mitomycin C, and cisplatin. Subsequently, systemic chemotherapy with continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil and weekly leucovorin was initiated. Patients were assessed for response at 12-week intervals, with treatment continuing until disease progression. RESULTS: Thirty-one eligible, evaluable patients were treated. One complete and 8 partial responses were observed, for an overall response rate of 29%. Fifty-eight percent of patients survived 1 year, and the median survival for the whole cohort was 14 months. The median time to progression was 8 months. Seven patients (23%) experienced Grade 4 toxicity and 21 patients (67%) had Grade 3 toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: The response rate in this trial was comparable to that achieved with systemic chemotherapy consisting of a fluorinated pyrimidine-based regimen for patients with this disease. No improvement in complete response rate or time to progression was observed compared with the Southwest Oncology Group's experience with systemic therapy. The authors are not planning to study this regimen further as a treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma.

Phase II study of CI-958 in colorectal cancer.

PURPOSE: We completed a phase II trial of CI-958 (NSC 635371) in patients with advanced colorectal cancer given at a dose of 700 mg/m2 every 21 days. METHODS: All 15 patients had metastatic disease and had been previously treated with one 5-fluorouracil-based regimen in an adjuvant (six) or metastatic (nine) setting. RESULTS: None of the patients treated with CI-958 had an objective response to treatment. Median survival was 4.8 months after the start of treatment. Leukopenia was the major toxicity, but no patient experienced febrile neutropenia. An acute febrile reaction was seen after infusion in four of the first nine patients treated. This was abrogated by pretreatment with dexamethasone in the remaining patients. CONCLUSIONS: CI-958 was not effective at this dose and schedule in patients with previously treated advanced colorectal cancer.

Evaluation of pyrazoloacridine in patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Pyrazoloacridine (PZA) is an acridine derivative selected for clinical development because of broad pre-clinical antitumor activity and solid tumor selectivity. Phase I evaluations with PZA have demonstrated predictable toxicity and suggested clinical efficacy. A phase II trial in patients with previously untreated advanced pancreatic cancer was conducted. METHODS: PZA was administered at a dose of 750 mg/m2 intravenously over 3 hours every 21 days. Seventeen patients were treated receiving a total of 46 courses of PZA. RESULTS: Of the 15 patients evaluable for response, no responses were observed (0% response rate, 95% confidence interval 0-22%). Major toxicities directly attributable to PZA included moderate neutropenia and mild neurotoxicity. CONCLUSION: PZA at this dose and schedule of administration was inactive in patients with pancreatic carcinoma.

Cytogenetic aberrations and DNA ploidy in soft tissue sarcoma. A Southwest Oncology Group Study.

We performed cytogenetic analysis and determined DNA content by flow cytometry (FCM) on freshly disaggregated tumor biopsies from 45 patients with soft tissue sarcomas (STS). Cytogenetically aberrant clones characterized 30 (67%) tumors, with the remaining 15 yielding normal karyotypes with or without nonclonal aberrations. No tumors with multiple unrelated clones were observed. Among the 30 tumors with clonally abnormal karyotypes, 21 (70%) had near-diploid stemlines, six were near-triploid and three were near-tetraploid. Ten of the clonally aberrant tumors contained nonrandom chromosomal translocations characteristic of histologic subtypes. Overrepresentation of chromosomes 7 and 8 were common numerical aberrations. Structural aberrations most often involved chromosomes 1, 7, 9, 12, and 14. Clustering of breaks in 9p resulting in partial loss of the short arm was frequent. Unstable aberrations including rings, dicentrics, large markers, small numbers of double minutes, and telomeric associations were seen in nine tumors. With FCM, 27 (60%) tumors had aneuploid DNA content and 18 (40%) were DNA diploid. Of those 18 DNA diploid tumors, 11 showed clonal karyotypic aberrations. In addition, apparent discrepancies between the results of the cytogenetics and FCM with respect to ploidy pattern were seen in 13 samples; 11 had DNA content in the peritriploid to peritetraploid range but the corresponding karyotype was normal or near-diploid. When the findings of the cytogenetics and DNA content analyses were combined, an abnormal cell population by one or both methods was detected in 38 (84%) tumors. The concurrent application of standard cytogenetics and DNA ploidy by FCM provide complementary information confirming a high incidence of genetic alterations in STS.

Flow cytometric analysis of P-glycoprotein expression and drug efflux in human soft tissue and bone sarcomas.

Twenty-two fresh surgical specimens of human sarcomas (soft tissue and bone) from 20 patients were analyzed by flow cytometry for the expression of drug resistance-related P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and cellular daunorubicin (DNR) accumulation with or without the presence of DNR efflux blockers. Single-cell suspensions prepared from the tumor specimens were analyzed by dual-color flow cytometry after reaction with MRK-16 (anti-P-gp) and anti-CD45 (pan-leukocyte) antibodies. MRK-16 reactivity of tumor cells was evaluated after exclusion of CD45-positive cells by electronic gates. Parallel samples were incubated with DNR alone or in combination with DNR efflux blockers, verapamil (VPL), or dipyridamole (DPD) for determination of cellular DNR accumulation and the effect of the efflux blockers. Extensive heterogeneity was observed in both P-gp expression and DNR accumulation of the tumor specimens examined. Eight of the 22 tumor specimens had significant numbers of P-gp-positive cells. In three of the eight P-gp-positive tumors, cellular DNR accumulation was significantly increased by co-incubation with the efflux blockers VPL or DPD. These results indicate that both quantitative and functional analysis of P-gp expression may be essential in determining the cellular drug resistance phenotype of tumor cells and its correlation with therapeutic outcome.

Phase II study of pyrazoloacridine in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Pyrazoloacridine (PZA) is an acridine derivative selected for clinical development because of broad preclinical antitumor activity and solid tumor selectivity. Phase I evaluations with PZA have demonstrated predictable toxicity and suggested clinical efficacy. A phase II trial in patients with previously untreated advanced colorectal cancer was conducted. METHODS: PZA was administered at a dose of 750 mg/m2 intravenously over 3 h every 21 days to patients who received a total of 31 courses of PZA. RESULTS: In 15 patients evaluable for response, no responses were observed (0% response rate, 95% confidence interval 0-22%). Toxicity to PZA consisted of myelosuppression and neurotoxicity that was treatment-limiting in several instances. CONCLUSION: PZA at this dose and schedule of administration is inactive in patients with colorectal cancer.

A phase II study of carboplatin and paclitaxel in the treatment of patients with advanced esophageal and gastric cancer.

We initiated a phase II study to determine the efficacy of carboplatin and paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ) in patients with advanced esophageal or gastric cancer. Objective tumor responses, duration of response, time to disease progression, overall survival, and toxicity profile are the end points evaluated in this study. The study includes patients with locally advanced metastatic or recurrent esophageal or gastric cancer with no history of prior chemotherapy or radiation treatment. Patients are required to have a performance status of 0 to 2 and no organ failure. Staging diagnostics include computed tomography scans and endoscopic ultrasound when appropriate. Starting dose of paclitaxel is 200 mg/m2, and carboplatin is given to achieve an area under the concentration-time curve of 5.0. Dose escalation is attempted if nadir counts permit. Seventeen patients have registered so far. Of those, three are not evaluable for efficacy analysis: one has not been on study long enough to be assessed for response and the other two are not assessable for objective tumor response. Three patients with gastric cancer have achieved partial responses. Two of five patients with esophageal cancer responded (partial response) to this treatment. Dose escalation by one step was feasible in approximately half the patients. There were no episodes of neutropenic fever. Carboplatin and paclitaxel given on an outpatient basis is well tolerated and an interesting regimen for the treatment of patients with advanced gastric or esophageal cancer.

Primary embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of long bone. Case report and review of the literature.

We report a case of primary embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of long bone, presenting as a lytic destructive bone tumor in the right femoral diaphysis of a 7-year-old girl. To our knowledge, this is only the third report of this entity. The neoplasm was a pure embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma with numerous rhabdomyoblasts. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis: The cells were reactive with antibodies directed against desmin, muscle-specific actin, and myoglobin. No other neoplastic mesenchymal component was present within the tumor. Although rare, primary rhabdomyosarcoma, along with Ewing's tumor and osteosarcoma, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of malignant bone tumors in childhood.

Systemic adjuvant chemotherapy for soft tissue sarcomas.

Adjuvant chemotherapy for soft tissue sarcoma remains investigational. Continued study of multidisciplinary treatment programs in high-grade sarcomas in formal clinical trials remains a priority. The National Cancer Institute is currently conducting a randomized trial of postoperative adjuvant doxorubicin and ifosfamide as compared with observation in high-grade sarcoma. The completion and outcome of this trial will contribute to this ongoing debate. Finally, a better understanding of the biology of soft tissue sarcoma that determines subsequent clinical course may serve as a foundation for further investigation.

Low-dose, continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil and oral etoposide for the treatment of advanced sarcomas.

5-fluorouracil (5-FUra) and etoposide demonstrate relationships between schedule of administration and activity in a number of clinical situations. With limited information regarding 5-FUra and oral etoposide in sarcoma, and informal observations suggesting activity of infusional 5-FUra in sarcomas, a phase II study was performed. This phase II study attempted to evaluate the efficacy of the combination of low-dose continuous infusion 5-FUra (LDCI-5FUra) and oral etoposide administered to patients with advanced sarcomas. Treatment consisted of 5-FUra at 300 mg/m2/day and etoposide at 50 mg/m2/day for 21 days. Cycles were repeated at 28-day intervals or upon recovery from toxicity. Twenty patients received 50 cycles of therapy. No objective responses were seen in 19 evaluable patients (response rate 0%, 95% confidence interval 0-18%). Toxicity was mild and consisted primarily of stomatitis, diarrhea, and leukopenia. Median survival for all patients was 9 months (1.8-30+ months range). The combination of LDCI-5FUra and oral etoposide, at the doses and schedule studied, was inactive in this population with advanced sarcoma.

Ifosfamide and etoposide in the treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcomas.

Ifosfamide is an active chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma. This Phase II study attempted to evaluate the efficacy of the addition of etoposide to ifosfamide administered to patients with recurrent or metastatic soft tissue sarcoma. Treatment consisted of etoposide 100 mg/m2, followed by ifosfamide 2.0 g/m2, daily, for 4 consecutive days. Mesna was administered for uroprotection. Cycles were repeated at 21-day intervals or upon recovery from toxicity. Two partial responses were observed in 19 evaluable patients (response rate 10.5%, 95% confidence interval, 7% to 14%). Response durations were brief at 2 and 6 months. In a subset of 10 patients with gastrointestinal leiomyosarcoma, no responses were observed. Toxicity was generally mild, consisting primarily of myelosuppression and controllable nausea and emesis. No episodes of hematuria were observed. Overall survival for all eligible patients was 10 months (range: 0.2 to 34.7+ months). Etoposide, in this dose and schedule, failed to enhance the activity of ifosfamide in adult soft tissue sarcoma. Additionally, this experience and a review of the literature, suggest that ifosfamide has little activity against gastrointestinal leiomyosarcomas. Continued efforts are needed to identify novel agents with efficacy against these resistant tumors.

Cytogenetic findings in 19 malignant bone tumors.

BACKGROUND: The majority of karyotypes observed in osteosarcomas (OS) and chondrosarcomas (CS) are complex. Specific chromosomal abnormalities have not yet been characterized in either tumor except for a ring chromosome in parosteal OS. The purpose of this study was to determine recurrent chromosomal abnormalities and establish a possible correlation between the cytogenetic changes and the pathologic findings. METHODS: Ten OS and nine CS were cytogenetically analyzed. Tumor samples were obtained from patients having a resection or incisional biopsy. Cytogenetic study of short term cell cultures included harvesting and G-banding, which were performed by routine methodologies. RESULTS: Clonal abnormalities were observed in six OS and six CS. Modal chromosome numbers ranged from near diploid to near tetraploid in both types of tumors. The structural rearrangements observed in OS involved mostly chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 12, and 17. Nonreciprocal translocations were the most frequent event. Two OS had a single clonal abnormality involving 11p15 and 14q32, respectively. Double minute chromosomes were observed in three cases. In CS, the most frequent structural abnormalities were nonreciprocal translocations and deletions involving numerous chromosomes. Rearrangements of 1p together with other abnormalities were observed in four CS. CONCLUSIONS: The karyotypes were usually complex consisting of numerical and structural changes, particularly in high grade tumors. Rearrangements of 11p15 and 14q32 in OS and possibly 1p in CS were found as primary cytogenetic aberrations. Cytogenetic analysis in more cases of OS and CS together with molecular studies are necessary to characterize further the consistent genetic changes in these tumors.