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1.
Arq Neuropsiquiatr ; 80(5 Suppl 1): 257-265, 2022 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35976295

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Myasthenia gravis is largely a treatable disease, but it can result in significant morbidity and even mortality, which can usually be avoided, or at least mitigated, with timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment of the disease. Objective: this review aims to summarize the main practical aspects of the diagnostic approach, treatment and care of myasthenic patients. METHODS: The authors performed a non-systematic critical review summarizing the main practical aspects of myasthenia gravis. RESULTS: Most patients with myasthenia have autoantibodies targeted at acetylcholine receptors or, less commonly, muscle-specific kinase - MuSK. Electrophysiology plays an important role in the diagnosis of neuromuscular junction dysfunction. The central clinical manifestation of myasthenia gravis is fatigable muscle weakness, which can affect eye, bulbar, respiratory, and limb muscles. With rare exceptions, patients have a good response to symptomatic treatment, but corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressants are usually also necessary to obtain good control of the manifestations of the disease. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the peculiar aspects of their clinical and electrophysiological presentations is important for the diagnosis. Likewise, specific treatment and response time to each drug are crucial for proper care.


Subject(s)
Myasthenia Gravis , Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases , Autoantibodies , Humans , Muscle Weakness , Myasthenia Gravis/diagnosis , Myasthenia Gravis/therapy , Neuromuscular Junction , Receptors, Cholinergic
2.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 80(5,supl.1): 257-265, May 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1393948

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background: Myasthenia gravis is largely a treatable disease, but it can result in significant morbidity and even mortality, which can usually be avoided, or at least mitigated, with timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment of the disease. Objective: this review aims to summarize the main practical aspects of the diagnostic approach, treatment and care of myasthenic patients. Methods: The authors performed a non-systematic critical review summarizing the main practical aspects of myasthenia gravis. Results: Most patients with myasthenia have autoantibodies targeted at acetylcholine receptors or, less commonly, muscle-specific kinase - MuSK. Electrophysiology plays an important role in the diagnosis of neuromuscular junction dysfunction. The central clinical manifestation of myasthenia gravis is fatigable muscle weakness, which can affect eye, bulbar, respiratory, and limb muscles. With rare exceptions, patients have a good response to symptomatic treatment, but corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressants are usually also necessary to obtain good control of the manifestations of the disease. Conclusion: Knowledge of the peculiar aspects of their clinical and electrophysiological presentations is important for the diagnosis. Likewise, specific treatment and response time to each drug are crucial for proper care.


RESUMO Antecedentes: A miastenia gravis é, em grande parte, uma doença tratável, mas pode resultar em significativa morbidade e até mortalidade, que geralmente pode ser evitada, ou pelo menos atenuada, com diagnóstico oportuno e tratamento adequado da doença. Objetivo: Esta revisão visa resumir os principais aspectos práticos da abordagem diagnóstica, do tratamento e dos cuidados de pacientes miastênicos. Métodos: Os autores realizaram uma revisão crítica não sistemática, resumindo os principais aspectos práticos da miastenia gravis. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes com miastenia apresenta autoanticorpos direcionados aos receptores de acetilcolina ou, menos comumente, quinase músculo-específica - MuSK. A eletrofisiologia desempenha um papel importante no diagnóstico da disfunção da junção neuromuscular. A manifestação clínica central da miastenia gravis é a fraqueza muscular fatigável, que pode afetar os músculos oculares, bulbares, respiratórios e dos membros. Com raras exceções, os pacientes respondem bem ao tratamento sintomático, mas geralmente também são necessários corticosteroides e/ou imunossupressores para se obter um bom controle das manifestações da doença. Conclusão: O conhecimento dos aspectos peculiares de suas apresentações clínicas e eletrofisiológicas é importante para o diagnóstico. Da mesma forma, o tratamento específico e o tempo de resposta a cada medicamento são cruciais para o cuidado adequado.

3.
Neuromuscul Disord ; 30(11): 897-903, 2020 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33121830

ABSTRACT

This study was designed to analyze the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of jitter parameters combined with repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) in congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS), chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO), and congenital myopathies (CM). Jitter was obtained with a concentric needle electrode during voluntary activation of the Orbicularis Oculi muscle in CMS (n = 21), CPEO (n = 20), and CM (n = 18) patients and in controls (n = 14). RNS (3 Hz) was performed in six different muscles for all patients (Abductor Digiti Minimi, Tibialis Anterior, upper Trapezius, Deltoideus, Orbicularis Oculi, and Nasalis). RNS was abnormal in 90.5% of CMS patients and in only one CM patient. Jitter was abnormal in 95.2% of CMS, 20% of CPEO, and 11.1% of CM patients. No patient with CPEO or CM presented a mean jitter higher than 53.6 µs or more than 30% abnormal individual jitter (> 45 µs). No patient with CPEO or CM and mild abnormal jitter values presented an abnormal decrement. Jitter and RNS assessment are valuable tools for diagnosing neuromuscular transmission abnormalities in CMS patients. A mean jitter value above 53.6 µs or the presence of more than 30% abnormal individual jitter (> 45 µs) strongly suggests CMS compared with CPEO and CM.


Subject(s)
Muscular Diseases/physiopathology , Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital/physiopathology , Neuromuscular Junction/physiopathology , Ophthalmoplegia, Chronic Progressive External/physiopathology , Adolescent , Adult , Case-Control Studies , Electric Stimulation , Electrodes , Electromyography , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology , Sensitivity and Specificity , Young Adult
4.
Neuromuscul Disord ; 28(11): 961-964, 2018 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30266223

ABSTRACT

Mutations in RAPSN are an important cause of congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS), leading to endplate acetylcholine receptor deficiency. We present three RAPSN early-onset CMS patients (from a Brazilian cohort of 61 CMS patients). Patient 1 and patient 2 harbor the mutation p.N88K in homozygosity, while patient 3 harbors p.N88K in compound heterozygosity with another pathogenic variant (p.V165M; c.493G ≥ A). At onset, patient 3 presented with more severe symptoms compared to the other two, showing generalized weakness and repeated episodes of respiratory failure in the first years of life. During adolescence, she became gradually less symptomatic and does not require medication anymore, presenting better long-term outcomes than patients 1 and 2. This case series illustrates the variability of RAPSN early-onset CMS, with patient 3, despite severe onset, revealing an almost complete reversal of myasthenic symptoms, not limited to apneic episodes. Moreover, it suggests that RAPSN CMS may be underdiagnosed in non-European countries.


Subject(s)
Muscle Proteins/genetics , Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital/genetics , Adolescent , Adult , Alleles , Brazil , Child , DNA Mutational Analysis , Disease Progression , Female , Humans , Male , Mutation , Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital/diagnosis , Phenotype
5.
J Neurol ; 265(3): 708-713, 2018 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29383513

ABSTRACT

The most common causes of congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are CHRNE mutations, and some pathogenic allelic variants in this gene are especially frequent in certain ethnic groups. In the southern region of Brazil, a study found the c.130dupG CHRNE mutation in up to 33% of families with CMS. Here, we aimed to verify the frequency of this mutation among individuals with CMS in a larger cohort of CMS patients from different areas of Brazil and to characterize clinical features of these patients. Eighty-four patients with CMS, from 72 families, were clinically evaluated and submitted to direct sequencing of the exon 2 of CHRNE. The c.130dupG mutation was found in 32 patients (23 families), with 26 patients (19 families, 26.3%) in homozygosis, confirming its high prevalence in different regions of Brazil. Among the homozygous patients, the following characteristics were frequent: onset of symptoms before 2 years of age (92.3%), little functional restriction (92.3%), fluctuating symptoms (100%), ocular muscle impairment (96.1%), ptosis (100%), limb weakness (88.4%), response to pyridostigmine (100%), facial involvement (77%), and bulbar symptoms (70.8%). The pretest probability of finding at least one allele harbouring the c.130dupG mutation was 38.1%. Selecting only patients with impaired eye movement together with limb weakness and improvement with pyridostigmine, the probability increases to 72.2%. This clinical pre-selection of patients is likely a useful tool for regions where CHRNE mutations have a founder effect. In conclusion, the CHRNE mutation c.130dupG leads to fairly benign natural course of the disease with relative homogeneity.


Subject(s)
Mutation , Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital/genetics , Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics , Adolescent , Adult , Age of Onset , Aged , Brazil/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Cohort Studies , Exons , Family , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital/drug therapy , Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital/epidemiology , Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital/pathology , Phenotype , Prevalence , Young Adult
10.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 57(1): 6-13, mar. 1999. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-231869

ABSTRACT

We avaluated the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and therapeutical aspects of 41 patients with thymomatous myasthenia gravis. Thirty five patients (85.36 per cent) were submitted to thymectomy. Follow-up ranged from two to 18 years. Diagnosis of thymoma was based upon clinical investigations and CT scan of the anterior mediastinum and in 11 patients supported by immunological tests of anti-striated muscle antibodies with a positive result in more than 80 per cent of cases. Histopathologic examination of all thymomectomized patients confirmed the diagnosis of thymoma. There was a significant predominance of benign over malignant thymoma. Occurred higher prevalence of male patients and of patients over 40 years of age. The therapeutical strategy to control myasthenic clinical findings was the same as that for non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis. The corticosteroids associated to cytotoxic drugs less often used. Radiotherapy of the anterior mediastinum was more often used in patients having invasive tumors submitted to surgery or not. With regard to survival and control of myasthenia gravis, especially in younger patients and in those submitted to early surgery, results of treatment were surprisingly favorable.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Myasthenia Gravis , Thymoma , Thymus Neoplasms , Follow-Up Studies , Myasthenia Gravis/diagnosis , Myasthenia Gravis/surgery , Thymoma/diagnosis , Thymoma/surgery , Thymus Neoplasms/diagnosis , Thymus Neoplasms/surgery
11.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Fac. Med. Univ. Säo Paulo ; 48(1): 22-4, jan.-fev. 1993. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-128018

ABSTRACT

No periodo de 1956 ao primeiro semestre de 1991 foram realizadas 281 timectomias para o tratamento de miastenia grave no HCFMUSP. Vinte e um pacientes com idade superior aos 50 anos foram timectomizados pela via transternal. A idade variou de 50 aos 73 anos; em 13 homens e oito mulheres. A duracao da doenca antes da timectomia variou de 30 dias a 15 anos, sendo que em 12 pacientes (57 por cento) foi de dois anos. Onze tinham a forma clinica severa e dez moderada. Nove pacientes foram previamente tratados com corticosteroides. As alteracoes histopatologicas do timo verificadas em dez pacientes foram: oito timonas, um timo artrofico e um timo normal. Observou-se, a curto prazo, importante melhora ou remissao completa em 12 pacientes, melhora discreta em quatro, piora em tres e obito em dois. A avaliacao a longo prazo em 16 pacientes revelou melhora importante em 13, estado inalterado em um, piora em um e obito de um. Embora a timectomia em pacientes miastenicos idosos possa ser indicada em situacoes especialissimas, as condicoes clinicas, a analise individual de cada paciente, e a boa resposta da miastenia ao uso de corticosteroides nos idosos, devam ser tomadas em consideracao com muito criterio.


Subject(s)
Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Myasthenia Gravis/surgery , Thymectomy , Follow-Up Studies , Myasthenia Gravis/therapy , Prednisone/therapeutic use , Thymus Gland/pathology
12.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 45(2): 119-30, jun. 1987. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-41469

ABSTRACT

Dois grupos de pacientes com miastenia grave adquirida foram analisados evolutivamente, para se verificar a influência da terapêutica no comportamento da doença. Dezenove foram timectomizados (grupo I) e 14 tratados por métodos conservadores (grupo II). Ambos os grupos foram homogeneizados demograficamente. Estabeleceram-se parâmetros que pudessem avaliar a história natural da doença e variáveis com o objetivo maior de análise comparativa na recuperaçäo dos pacientes. Houve influência significativa quanto à utilizaçäo de quaisquer terapêuticas individualmente. Ambos os grupos tiveram comportamento semelhante quanto à resposta clínica final. A análise (U-Mann-Whitney) mostrou que os grupos provêm da mesma populaçäo. Embora ocorram diferenças quanto a individualidades das variáveis analisadas, a análise discriminante efetuada mostrou-se näo significativa, nas doenças de longa evoluçäo


Subject(s)
Infant , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Humans , Male , Female , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Myasthenia Gravis/therapy , Thymectomy
13.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 44(2): 109-16, jun. 1986. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-34513

ABSTRACT

Säo estudados 14 pacientes (doze dos quais eram mulheres) com miastenia grave severa e resistente aos procedimentos terapêuticos habituais. Em um paciente a prednisona foi substituída pela imunossupressäo com citotóxicos e em outro o emprego destes permitiu reduçäo da dose do esteróide, que passou a ser bem tolerado. Nos dois casos o emprego dos citostáticos foi decorrência de complicaçöes da prednisona. Säo empregadas azatioprina e ciclosfosfamida em programas em que estäo associadas, na maioria dos casos, prednisona e plasmaférese. Todos os pacientes mantiveram o uso de anticolinesterásicos. A azatioprina é administrada pela via oral nas doses de 100-200mg/dia por período de 20 meses, enquanto a ciclofosfamida é empregada pela via oral nas doses de 100-200mg/dia por 6 meses ou 1g pela via intravenosa a intervalos de 15-30 dias durante 6 meses. O período mais longo de observaçäo até o momento é de 32 meses. Ocorreram melhoras importantes em 71,4% dos pacientes, sendo que em 8 (57%) as melhoras começaram entre um e 6 meses após o início do tratamento. Efeitos colaterais foram infreqüentes e de pouca monta, näo tendo ocorrido complicaçöes graves dependentes diretamente das drogas até o momento


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Azathioprine/therapeutic use , Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use , Myasthenia Gravis/drug therapy , Prednisone/therapeutic use , Drug Therapy, Combination
15.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 42(3): 221-5, 1984.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-20528

ABSTRACT

Foram realizados estudos epidemiologico e clinico de doencas e sindromes associadas em um grupo de 304 pacientes miastenicos.Foram apresentadas projecoes comparativas entre os casos presentes e os de outros autores


Subject(s)
Humans , Autoimmune Diseases , Thyroid Diseases , Myasthenia Gravis , Thymoma
16.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 42(3): 226-31, 1984.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-20529

ABSTRACT

Os autores estudam o comportamento da tiroide em um grupo de 304 pacientes com miastenia grave, constatando 15 casos de tireopatias, sendo 9 de hipertireoidismo, um de hipotireoidismo e 5 de bocio sem alteracoes da funcao tireoidiana. Nenhum paciente era proveniente de regiao de bocio endemico e nao havia bocio familiar. A tireotoxicose, que foi a disfuncao mais frequente, foi estudada quanto a sua prevalencia em pacientes miastenicos, quanto a sua influencia sobre os sintomas da miastenia grave e quanto a epoca do seu aparecimento


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Thyroid Diseases , Myasthenia Gravis , Goiter , Hyperthyroidism
17.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 41(2): 208-11, 1983.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-13821

ABSTRACT

Sao relatados dois pacientes com polirradiculoneurite recidivante com dissociacao proteinocitologica no liquido cefalorraqueano. Sao discutidos os aspectos imunologicos e a historia natural da polirradiculoneurite recidivante, sendo esta admitida como uma entidade nosologica propria, independente da polirradiculoneurite aguda


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Humans , Male , Female , Polyradiculoneuropathy , Immunity , Recurrence
18.
Neurobiologia ; 46(1): 3-12, 1983.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-15118

ABSTRACT

Foram estudadas 26 pacientes miastenicas com 39 gravidezes e uma com miastenia desencadeada apos anestesia peridural e parto, a fim de se verificar a possivel influencia da gestacao e do parto na miastenia grave. Na grande maioria dos casos a gravidez influenciou a miastenia, particularmente no sentido de remissao ou melhora importante. A influencia do parto no desenvolvimento da miastenia grave ou no agravamento da sua sintomatologia ocorreu em menor numero de pacientes. O efeito da miastenia grave no puerperio, feto e recem-nascido foi pouco significativo


Subject(s)
Pregnancy , Adult , Humans , Female , Myasthenia Gravis , Parturition , Postpartum Period , Pregnancy Complications
19.
Neurobiologia ; 45(4): 265-8, 1982.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-13206

ABSTRACT

Mulher de 52 anos de idade, com sindrome seca iniciada ha seis anos, desenvolveu miastenia grave generalizada moderada. Sao discutidas as associacoes de doencas imunologicas e miastenia grave sendo enfatizadas as possibilidades fisiopatologicas dessas interacoes e em especial a ocorrencia da sindrome de Sjogren (SS) e miastenia grave


Subject(s)
Middle Aged , Humans , Female , Myasthenia Gravis , Sjogren's Syndrome
20.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 39(4): 478-81, 1981.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-2439

ABSTRACT

E relatado caso de doente do sexo masculino, com 15 anos de idade, apresentando compressao da medula espinal em nivel toracico alto(T-2) causada por cisto enterico. A natureza do processo foi determinada na laminectomia de T-1 _ T-3 e o diagnostico etiologico foi confirmado pelo exame histologico. Apos a cirurgia o paciente melhorou progressivamente das desordens motoras


Subject(s)
Spinal Cord Compression , Neural Tube Defects
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