Mano diabética en el Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga": experiencia en 42 casos / Diabetic hand in Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga": experience in 42 cases

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: El término mano diabética describe las infecciones de mano graves resultantes de trauma, mordedura humana o de perro y abuso de drogas, en pacientes que padecen diabetes mellitus. Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes son celulitis, paroniquia, tenosinovitis, absceso profundo, artritis séptica y osteomielitis. Nuestra finalidad es presentar nuestra experiencia en la atención de pacientes con mano diabética, debido a que el retraso del diagnóstico de esta patología dificulta su tratamiento y predispone a mayores complicaciones. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo sobre los casos de mano diabética atendidos en el Servicio de Cirugía Plástica y Reconstructiva del Hospital General "Eduardo Liceaga" de la Ciudad de México (México) entre marzo de 2013 y marzo de 2018. RESULTADOS: El intervalo de edad de los pacientes fue de 19 a 87 años, con un número total de 42 pacientes atendidos, 23 mujeres (55%) y 19 varones (45%). Veinticinco pacientes (60%) no referían antecedentes de cirugías previas en mano y 17 (40%) presentaban antecedentes quirúrgicos tales como: amputación supracondílea en 4 pacientes (10%), amputación infracondílea en 1 paciente (2%) y remodelación de dedos en el 7%. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue tenosinovitis infecciosa de 3er dedo. El patógeno más frecuentemente encontrando fue Enterobacter cloacae (14%). Al analizar los tipos de tratamiento quirúrgico utilizados, específicamente la amputación, hubo diferencias sobresalientes al realizar el contraste por género y valorar la presencia de obesidad en los pacientes. El 52% de las mujeres sufrió amputación frente al 21% de varones (p = .029 a través de X2 de Pearson). El 43% de los pacientes con obesidad fueron amputados en comparación con el 36% que no la padecían (p = .061 a través de X2 de Pearson). CONCLUSIONES: En nuestra experiencia, se trata de una patología con una alta incidencia; sin embargo, no contamos en general con literatura suficiente para determinar un diagnóstico oportuno y un tratamiento eficaz, al igual que tampoco disponemos de un algoritmo o clasificación que ayude al control y seguimiento de los pacientes

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The term diabetic hand describes serious hand infections resulting from trauma, human or dog bite and drug abuse, in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. The most frequent clinical manifestations are cellulitis, paronychia, tenosynovitis, Deep abscess, septic arthritis and osteomyelitis. We present our experience in the care of patients with diabetic hand, as the delay of diagnosis makes the treatment difficult and predisposes to greater complications. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on cases of diabetic hand in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department at Hospital General "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga" in Mexico City (Mexico) from March 2013 to March 2018. RESULTS: The age range of the patients was from 19 to 87 years, having a total number of 42 patients, 23 female (55%) and 19 male (45%). Twenty-five patients (60%) did not report a history of surgery, meanwhile 17 (40%) had a surgical history: supracondylar amputation was found in 4 patients (10%) and infracondylar amputation in 1 patient (2%); remodelation of the finger was equivalent to 7%. The most frequent diagnosis was infectious tenosynovitis of 3rd finger. The pathogen most frequently found was Enterobacter cloacae (14%). When analyzing the types of surgical treatment used, specifically amputation, there were outstanding differences when contrasting by gender and the presence of obesity in the patients: 52% of the female gender were amputated against 21% of the male group (p = .029 through Pearson's X2); 43% of patients with obesity were amputed compared to 36% who did not have it (p = .061 through Pearson's X2). CONCLUSIONS: This pathology has a high incidence, however there is not enough literature to determine timely diagnosis and effective treatment, as there is yet no algorithm or some classification that helps the control and monitoring of patients

Recalcitrant pustular psoriasis successfully treated with adalimumab.

We report a 13-year-old girl with severe pustular psoriasis who had an excellent response to treatment with adalimumab after failure with methotrexate, acitretin, cyclosporin, phototherapy, and biologic drugs including etanercept and infliximab.

Beau's lines and multiple periungueal pyogenic granulomas after long stay in an intensive care unit.

A child developed multiple Beau's lines and periungueal pyogenic granulomas after admission to the intensive care unit. Immobilization, hypoxia, and drugs might have acted as potential causative factors.

Perforating neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis of the newborn--a clue to immunodeficiency.

We report two newborns with a widespread cutaneous eruption consisting of discrete papules which evolved into vesicles, pustules, crusts, and ulcers. These healed over a 2-week period with scarring. Histopathology showed three main features--histiocytic granulomas, neutrophilic infiltration, and transepidermal elimination of degenerated collagen and debris through hair follicles. Both patients had congenital immunodeficiency. This skin condition of the newborn, with distinct clinical and histopathologic features, is a manifestation of immunodeficiency that has not been previously described.

[Multiple basal cell carcinomas on phacomatosis pigmentokeratotica]. / Carcinomas basocelulares múltiples sobre facomatosis pigmentoqueratótica.

We present a patient with phacomatosis pigmentokeratotica (PPK) who developed several basal cell carcinomas on epidermal nevus lesions in adult life. PPK shows an elevated incidence of development of malignant lesions both on the sebaceous or epidermal nevus component as well as on the nevus spilus one.

Deep morphea after vaccination in two young children.

A number of dermatoses have been reported to appear in close temporal or spatial relationship to the intramuscular injection of vaccines. We describe two young children who had morphea consistent with the deep morphea type (morphea profunda) that appeared at the site of a previous vaccination. Trauma has been implicated as an important trigger of morphea, both in children and in adults. Furthermore, vaccines might induce an immune response, which could lead to morphea in predisposed individuals.

Carcinomas basocelulares múltiples sobre facomatosis pigmentoqueratótica / Multiple basal cell carcinomas on phacomatosis pigmentokeratotica

Presentamos el caso de un paciente con facomatosis pigmentoqueratótica (FPQ) que desarrolló varios carcinomas basocelulares sobre lesiones de nevo epidérmico en la edad adulta. La FPQ muestra una incidencia elevada de desarrollo de lesiones malignas tanto sobre el componente de nevo sebáceo o epidérmico como sobre el nevo spilus

We present a patient with phacomatosis pigmentokeratotica (PPK) who developed several basal cell carcinomas on epidermal nevus lesions in adult life. PPK shows an elevated incidence of development of malignant lesions both on the sebaceous or epidermal nevus component as well as on the nevus spilus one

[Netherton syndrome]. / Síndrome de Netherton.

Netherton syndrome is a rare disease inherited as an autosomal recessive trait due to mutations in the SPINK5 gene. It is characterized by the triad of ichthyosiform dermatosis, alterations of the hair shaft and immunological disorders. We present the case of a 12-year-old girl with the triad of ichthyosis linearis circumflexa, trichorrhexis invaginata and atopic dermatitis, characteristic of Netherton syndrome.

Pyoderma gangrenosum in an infant.

Pyoderma gangrenosum is rare in children and very rare in infants less than 1 year of age. We report Pyoderma gangrenosum in a 6-month-old girl without any associated disorders, which was well controlled with oral prednisone. This entity in infants usually presents with multiple lesions, mainly located on the face, buttocks, thighs, and extremities, which in some instances are associated with pathergy. Pyoderma gangrenosum in infants has a good response to therapy, and healing is usually achieved.

Síndrome de Netherton / Netherton syndrome

El síndrome de Netherton es una enfermedad poco frecuente, transmitida mediante herencia autosómica recesiva, debida a mutaciones en el gen SPINK5. Se caracteriza por la tríada de dermatosis ictiosiforme, alteraciones del tallo piloso y trastornos inmunológicos. Presentamos el caso de una niña de 12 años con la tríada de ictiosis lineal circunfleja, tricorrexis invaginata y dermatitis atópica, característica del síndrome de Netherton

Netherton syndrome is a rare disease inherited as an autosomal recessive trait due to mutations in the SPINK5 gene. It is characterized by the triad of ichthyosiform dermatosis, alterations of the hair shaft and immunological disorders. We present the case of a 12-year-old girl with the triad of ichthyosis linearis circumflexa, trichorrhexis invaginata and atopic dermatitis, characteristic of Netherton syndrome

Hiperplasia epitelial focal / Focal epithelial hyperplasia

La hiperplasia epitelial focal (HEF) es una proliferación benigna de la mucosa oral con características clínicas e histológicas bien definidas. Se ha asociado a la infección de la mucosa oral por los tipos 13 y 32 del virus del papiloma humano (VPH) y, con menor frecuencia, a otros tipos. Su evolución clínica es variable, aunque suele persistir durante unos meses o años. Se han descrito de resolución espontánea y otros de persistencia prolongada. Se presenta el caso de un niño ecuatoriano que consultó por unas lesiones en la mucosa oral compatibles con el diagnóstico de HEF, que fueron confirmadas en el estudio histológico y en las que se identificó ADN del VPH tipo 13

Focal epithelial hyperplasia (FEH) is a benign proliferation of the oral mucosa with well defined clinical and histological characteristics. It has been associated with infection of the oral mucosa by types 13 and 32 of the human papillomavirus (HPV), and to a lesser extent, with other types. Its clinical course is variable, although it usually persists for months or years; cases with spontaneous resolution have been described, as have others with prolonged persistence. We present the case of an Ecuadorian boy whose visit was motivated by lesions in the oral mucosa consistent with a diagnosis of FEH, which were confirmed in the histological study, and in which HPV type 13 DNA was identified

Delineation of the various shapes and patterns of nevi.

It has been proposed that all nevi reflect mosaicism, and this concept has been corroborated at the molecular level in a number of nevi. If the concept of mosaicism holds true, one would expect that the various types of nevi should be characterized by intrinsic shapes or patterns. A photographic review of 1,188 recognizable images of a list of nevi of the skin was undertaken in order to delineate a classification of the various shapes and patterns of nevi. We disclosed three distinct shapes and two so far undescribed archetypical patterns, in addition to the well-known Blaschko-linear, flag-like and extensive garment-like patterns, to which all lesions could be allocated. The newly delineated shapes are called round or oval shape; patches with indented borders; and teardrop or triangular shape. The newly proposed archetypical configurations are the agminated pattern and the diffuse patchy pattern. Other mosaic patterns, such as the phylloid pattern or the lateralization pattern, were not observed in any of the images reviewed. We conclude that the various types of nevi can be assigned to specific shapes or patterns. Admittedly, however, a given nevus may manifest itself in several different shapes, whereas its archetypical pattern tends to be the same. This 'archetypical' pattern can be taken as the perfect or ideal model of a given type of nevus, whereas the newly described shapes are subordinated to the archetypical patterns and are best considered to be 'nonarchetypical'. Our work gives more consistency to the idea that nevi reflect mosaicism, because they display repetitive shapes and patterns.

Severe acne infantum successfully treated with isotretinoin.

Treatment of severe nodular infantile acne with oral isotretinoin has been effective and well tolerated in a small number of patients. We present another instance of successful treatment of severe acne with oral isotretinoin in a young infant and suggest that isotretinoin should be the treatment of choice for severe nodular acne in children and infants, especially if topical treatments or oral antibiotics have failed.

Erythema dyschromicum perstans in children: a report of 14 cases.

BACKGROUND: Erythema dyschromicum perstans (EDP) or ashy dermatosis is a peculiar, slowly progressive, macular hyperpigmentation, which leaves a permanent discoloration. It is an acquired dermatosis that occurs most frequently in Central and South America. EDP usually appears in adults, but some isolated cases and small series have been reported in prepubertal children. METHODS: A retrospective review of cases of EDP in 10-year-old children or younger, attended in a pediatric hospital between 1990 and 2003. RESULTS: We present 14 cases of EDC in children 10 years and younger. With an additional 25 cases reported so far in the English language literature, a total of 39 children have been described. Unlike adult patients, who are most commonly of Hispanic origin, children with EDP are usually Caucasian. Other important facts in children with EDP are the absence of consistent trigger factors and an eventual improvement or resolution of the lesions in 50% of prepubertal patients. CONCLUSION: We suggest that EDP is a distinctive clinical entity, different from lichen planus and lichen planus pigmentosus, which may be identical to the so-called idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation.

Nevus psiloliparus and aplasia cutis: a further possible example of didymosis.

Nevus psiloliparus is a distinct type of mesodermal nevus of the scalp characterized by absence or paucity of hair, and presence of an excessive amount of fatty tissue. It is considered a hallmark of encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis, a rare disorder comprising a variety of cutaneous, ophthalmologic, and neurologic defects. We report two infants with encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis with nevus psiloliparus on the scalp in close association with aplasia cutis congenita. This unusual association may be considered a further example of didymosis, for which we propose the term, didymosis aplasticopsilolipara.

Familial nonmembranous aplasia cutis of the scalp.

Aplasia cutis of the scalp is often a sporadic condition, but familial occurrences with an autosomal dominant inheritance have been documented. Aplasia cutis of the scalp may be seen in two main clinical variants: oval-shaped membranous aplasia cutis and irregular, larger defects. We report six families in whom more than one member has aplasia cutis of the scalp, all of them with large irregular defects located over the vertex or anterior to the vertex along the sagittal suture. We review previous reports of this entity with clinical pictures and note that in most instances, the defects are of the nonmembranous variant.

Rabdomiosarcoma botrioides congénito de vulva / Congenital botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma of the vulva

El rabdomiosarcoma es el tumor maligno de partes blandas más frecuente en la edad pediátrica; sin embargo, la localización vulvar y la aparición congénita son excepcionales. Presentamos el caso de una niña recién nacida con un rabdomiosarcoma botrioides de vulva tratada con quimioterapia, cirugía conservadora y trasplante autólogo. El rabdomiosarcoma botrioides es una variante del tipo embrionario que crece típicamente en órganos huecos con revestimiento mucoso desde donde puede extenderse hacia la superficie corporal. El tratamiento del rabdomiosarcoma botriodes del área genitourinaria se basa en la poliquimioterapia y, si es necesario, se puede complementar con radioterapia y cirugía conservadora, consiguiéndose de este modo un pronóstico excelente y escasas secuelas funcionales a largo plaz

Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most frequent malignant soft tissue tumor in pediatric patients; however, the vulvar location and congenital appearance are exceptional. We present the case of a newborn girl with botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma of the vulva, treated with chemotherapy, conservative surgery and autologous transplant. Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma is a variation of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma that typically grows in mucosa-lined hollow organs, from where it can spread to the body surface. The treatment of botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma in the genito-urinary area is based on polychemotherapy, and it can be complemented with radiotherapy and conservative surgery if necessary, thus resulting in an excellent prognosis and few long-term functional sequelae

[Focal epithelial hyperplasia]. / Hiperplasia epitelial focal.

Focal epithelial hyperplasia (FEH) is a benign proliferation of the oral mucosa with well defined clinical and histological characteristics. It has been associated with infection of the oral mucosa by types 13 and 32 of the human papillomavirus (HPV), and to a lesser extent, with other types. Its clinical course is variable, although it usually persists for months or years; cases with spontaneous resolution have been described, as have others with prolonged persistence. We present the case of an Ecuadorian boy whose visit was motivated by lesions in the oral mucosa consistent with a diagnosis of FEH, which were confirmed in the histological study, and in which HPV type 13 DNA was identified.

[Congenital botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma of the vulva]. / Rabdomiosarcoma botrioides congénito de vulva.

Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most frequent malignant soft tissue tumor in pediatric patients; however, the vulvar location and congenital appearance are exceptional. We present the case of a newborn girl with botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma of the vulva, treated with chemotherapy, conservative surgery and autologous transplant. Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma is a variation of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma that typically grows in mucosa-lined hollow organs, from where it can spread to the body surface. The treatment of botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma in the genito-urinary area is based on polychemotherapy, and it can be complemented with radiotherapy and conservative surgery if necessary, thus resulting in an excellent prognosis and few long-term functional sequelae.