ABSTRACT
Among the technologies used to recuperate cadmium (Cd) contaminated soils, phytoextraction are particularly important, where the selection of suitable plants is critical to the success of the soil remediation. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the responses of jack-bean and sorghum to Cd supply and to quantify Cd accumulation by these species grown in hydroponic culture. The plants were subjected to 0, 15, 30, or 60 µmol Cd L(-1) in the nutrient solution, and gas exchange, plant growth and Cd accumulation were measured at 25 days after starting Cd treatments. The Cd supply severely reduced growth of shoots and roots in both species. In jack-bean, Cd decreased photosynthesis by 56-86%, stomatal conductance by 59-85% and transpiration by 48-80%. The concentrations and amounts of Cd accumulated in the plant tissues were proportional to the metal supply in the nutrient solution. Sorghum was more tolerant than jack-bean to Cd toxicity, but the latter showed a greater metal concentration and accumulation in the shoot. Therefore, jack-bean would be more suitable than sorghum for use in Cd phytoremediation programs based on phytoextraction.
Subject(s)
Cadmium/metabolism , Canavalia/metabolism , Environmental Restoration and Remediation/methods , Sorghum/metabolism , Biodegradation, Environmental , Cadmium/analysis , Canavalia/chemistry , Environmental Restoration and Remediation/instrumentation , Hydroponics , Sorghum/chemistryABSTRACT
O baixo teor de Ca e a toxicidade por Al são importantes limitações à produtividade das culturas em solos ácidos brasileiros. É possível aumentar o teor de Ca e reduzir a toxicidade por Al por meio da aplicação de gesso agrícola. No entanto, é importante melhor compreensão dos efeitos do gesso na especiação iônica da solução do solo. Avaliou-se a especiação iônica da solução do solo (extrato aquoso 1:1) de amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico textura argilosa, sob sistema plantio direto, cinco anos após a aplicação superficial de 3, 6 e 9t ha-1 de gesso agrícola. A especiação foi realizada com auxílio do programa computacional Visual Minteq em amostras coletadas nas profundidades de 0-0,05; 0,05-0,1; 0,1-0,2 e 0,2-0,4m. Para o Al, as principais espécies químicas foram os complexos com carbono orgânico dissolvido (Al-COD) e com F (Al-F), enquanto o par iônico AlSO4+ ocorreu em pequena proporção. O COD foi o principal ligante para Mg e Ca, mas em muito maior magnitude para este último, refletindo importante participação dos ânions orgânicos na dinâmica desses nutrientes. Em relação ao sulfato, apesar da formação dos pares iônicos com Ca, Mg e Al (CaSO4(0), MgSO4(0) e AlSO4+), houve a predominância da forma livre S-SO4-2, enquanto o fosfato apresentou forte interação com o Al em solução, formando a espécie química Al-HxPO4x.
Low Ca content and Al toxicity are important limitations for yield crops in Brazilian acids soils. Gypsum application may increase Ca contents and decrease Al toxicity. However, a better knowledge of the effects of gypsum on the ionic speciation of soil solution is very important. The ionic speciation of the soil solution (water extract 1:1) was evaluated in samples from a dystrophic clayey Rhodic Hapludox under no-till system, 5 years after surface application of gypsum (3; 6 and 9t ha-1). The ionic speciation was performed by using the Visual Minteq program in samples collected at the following depths: 0-0.05; 0.05-0.1; 0.1-0.2 and 0.2-0.4m. The main Al complexing agents in solution were with dissolved organic carbon (Al-DOC) and F (Al-F), while the ionic par AlSO4+ occurred in small proportion. Ca and Mg were complexed by DOC, and the effect was more pronounced for Ca, reinforcing the important participation the organic anions in the dynamic of these nutrients. Although sulphate had formed ionic pairs with Ca, Mg and Al (CaSO4(0), MgSO4(0) and AlSO4+), the free form (S-SO4-2) predominated; while phosphate strongly interacted with Al in solution, forming the chemical specie Al-HxPO4x.