ABSTRACT
In recent decades, economic crises and political reforms focused on employment flexibilization have increased the use of non-standard employment (NSE). National political and economic contexts determine how employers interact with labour and how the state interacts with labour markets and manages social welfare policies. These factors influence the prevalence of NSE and the level of employment insecurity it creates, but the extent to which a country's policy context mitigates the health influences of NSE is unclear. This study describes how workers experience insecurities created by NSE, and how this influences their health and well-being, in countries with different welfare states: Belgium, Canada, Chile, Spain, Sweden, and the United States. Interviews with 250 workers in NSE were analysed using a multiple-case study approach. Workers in all countries experienced multiple insecurities (e.g., income and employment insecurity) and relational tension with employers/clients, with negative health and well-being influences, in ways that were shaped by social inequalities (e.g., related to family support or immigration status). Welfare state differences were reflected in the level of workers' exclusion from social protections, the time scale of their insecurity (threatening daily survival or longer-term life planning), and their ability to derive a sense of control from NSE. Workers in Belgium, Sweden, and Spain, countries with more generous welfare states, navigated these insecurities with greater success and with less influence on health and well-being. Findings contribute to our understanding of the health and well-being influences of NSE across different welfare regimes and suggest the need in all six countries for stronger state responses to NSE. Increased investment in universal and more equal rights and benefits in NSE could reduce the widening gap between standard and NSE.
Subject(s)
Employment , Occupations , Humans , United States , Socioeconomic Factors , Public Policy , Social WelfareABSTRACT
Lipase immobilization using adsorption on magnetic nanoparticles, cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA), and a combination of both techniques was investigated. Experimental designs were used for the optimization of the immobilization observing that the pH and ionic strength play a principal role during the lipase immobilization and its activity. For adsorption on magnetic nanoparticles and CLEA synthesis the optimal condition was pH and 100 mM. Besides, during the CLEA synthesis, glutaraldehyde concentration showed to be a significant effect on the enzyme activity. A comparison between a magnetic CLEA prepared with (Lip@mCLEA) and without (mCLEA) biological functionalized magnetic nanoparticles was made observing that the use of functionalized support showed the best performance activity. All biocatalytic systems developed gives to the enzyme thermal stability between 45 and 70 °C, being Lip@mCLEA the more stable biocatalyst. Similar behavior was observed at different pH, where both Lip@mCLEA and mCLEA showed stability at a range of pH 5 to 8. The immobilized biocatalysts showed the same affinity of the subtract that the free enzyme suggested that the enzyme structure not modified the active site. The combination of both types of immobilization show evidenced the importance of the biological functionalization of the support when magnetic CLEA is produced.
Subject(s)
Enzymes, Immobilized/chemistry , Fungal Proteins/chemistry , Lipase/chemistry , Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry , Candida/enzymology , Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry , Enzyme Stability , Enzymes, Immobilized/metabolism , Ferric Compounds/chemistry , Fungal Proteins/metabolism , Lipase/metabolismABSTRACT
En el ejercicio diario, nos enfrentamos con situaciones en las cuales debemos aplicar no solamente nuestros conocimientos científicos y técnicos que competen a la odontología, sino también nuestra condición humana y vocación de servicio para atender, con responsabilidad y ética profesional, a nuestros pacientes. El propósito de este estudio surgió para concientizar la importancia de conocer los principios bioéticos, así como la actitud integral del odontólogo general y el especialista cuando se presenta un paciente por primera vez o de emergencia a la consulta, y atenderlo no solo por la "emergencia" por la cual asiste, sino como un ser bio-psico-social. En nuestro caso, si el odontólogo general se hubiese limitado a atender al paciente solo por la emergencia que presentó y no hubiese orientado al paciente desde los principios bioéticos de benevolencia, beneficencia, no maleficencia, autonomía, consentimiento informado de tipo verbal y remitido al periodoncista, el paciente hubiese seguido en desconocimiento del estado real de sus condiciones bucales, evitando consecuencias indeseables. Los procedimientos básicos realizados en este artículo fueron la revisión bibliográfica y el estudio clínico del caso.Igualmente hacemos énfasis en realizar todos los estudios diagnósticos necesarios para realizar nuestro protocolo de tratamiento, ya que si no diagnosticamos correctamente, no podremos planificar el tratamiento correctamente y remitirlo al especialista si lo requiere. Concluimos en este estudio la importancia a que, tanto odontólogos generales como especialistas, aprendan a ver al paciente como un ser integral bajo los principios bio-éticos y aplicar el consentimiento informado de manera habitual en nuestra consulta
In exercising daily, we are faced with situations in which we must apply not only our scientific and technical knowledge that fall within dentistry, but also our human condition and vocation of service to meet with responsibility and professional ethics, to our patients.The purpose of this study was to raise awareness of the importance of knowing the bio-ethical principles, as well as the attitude and parcel of clinicians and experts when a patient presents for the first time or emergency consultation, and caring not only for the "Emergency" by which assists, but like a bio-psycho-social. In our case, if the general dentist had been limited to meet the patient only by the emergency and had not submitted oriented to the patient from the bioethical principles of benevolence, charity, not maleficencia, informed consent type of verbal and sent to periodontist The patient had remained in ignorance of the real state of their oral conditions, avoiding undesirable consequences. The basic procedures in this article were the literature review and clinical study of the case. Likewise make all the emphasis on conducting diagnostic studies needed to carry out our treatment protocol, because if not properly diagnose, treat, we can't plan properly and know refer to a specialist if required. We conclude this study in the importance to both general dentists and specialists, learn to see the patient as an integral be under the bio-ethical principles and applying the informed consent on a regular basis in our consultation
