Correction: Lochbaum et al. The Profile of Moods States and Athletic Performance: A Meta-Analysis of Published Studies. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2021, 11, 50-70.

Error in Section 2.6 [...].

The Profile of Moods States and Athletic Performance: A Meta-Analysis of Published Studies.

Researchers have extensively examined and reviewed the relationship of the profile of mood states (POMS) with sport performance since the 1970s. Two decades have passed since the last POMS quantitative review. Our overall objective was to quantify the POMS research with competitive athletes with a prospective measured POMS and a sport performance outcome in the published literature. Additionally, we tested potential moderators of the mental health model (i.e., sport duration, type, and skill) with meta-analytic techniques while considering potential risk bias across study sources. Based on a systematic review, the articles were found using EBSCO and comparing these articles with extensive past POMS in sport and exercise bibliographies. Search terms included profile of mood states (POMS) or iceberg profile or the mental health model with sport and performance or sports performance. For selection, articles must have reported data on competitive athletes, an athletic performance outcome, and a valid form of the POMS measured prospectively. After screening more than 600 articles for inclusion, 25 articles provided sufficient data for effect size calculations. The included articles spanned from 1975 to 2011, with 1497 unique participants. Hedges' g values were generally small for the six POMS scales: tension (-0.21), depression (-0.43), anger (-0.08), vigor (0.38), fatigue (-0.13), and confusion (-0.41). However, the total mood disturbance (TMD) score effect size was medium in magnitude at -0.53. When corrected for potential publication bias, the effect size values increased in magnitude for tension (-0.47), depression (-0.64), vigor (0.44), fatigue (-0.34), and TMD (-0.84). Moderator analyses for Terry's (1995) propositions and for risk of bias across studies, statistically, resulted in few differences based on conventional statistical significance (p < 0.05). Measured before performance, most of the POMS scales and TMD are reliable predictors of sport performance in competitive athletes across a wide variety of sports and athletic performance outcomes. Morgan's (1980, 1985) mental health model or iceberg profile minus anger is still a viable method for understanding and improving athletic performances.

The 2 × 2 Achievement Goals in Sport and Physical Activity Contexts: A Meta-Analytic Test of Context, Gender, Culture, and Socioeconomic Status Differences and Analysis of Motivations, Regulations, Affect, Effort, and Physical Activity Correlates.

Approach-avoidance achievement goals are studied extensively in the context of competitive sports and physical activity, including leisure and physical education. Building upon past meta-analyses, the purpose of this quantitative review was to provide basic descriptive data, estimated means for testing of several research questions (i.e., context, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status), and meta-analyzing outcome correlates (i.e., self-determination constructs, affect, effort, and physical activity). A total of 116 studies up to 1 December 2018, met inclusion criteria. These 116 studies, totaling a sample size of 43,133 participants (M sample size = 347.85 + 359.36), from 22 countries with 92.7% of samples, are drawn from participants less than 30 years of mean age. From the 116 unique studies, nearly half (49.6%) were from a sport context and the rest from leisure-time physical activity (PA) (19.4%) and physical education (PE) (31.0%) contexts. A number of different analyses were conducted to examine our research questions. Support was found for several of our research questions: The mastery-approach goal was endorsed more than all the other goals, while sport participants endorsed the performance-approach goal more than PA and PE groups; females endorsed the mastery-avoidance goal more than males; more culturally individualistic countries endorsed the mastery-approach goal; and countries from lower socioeconomic and interdependent countries endorsed the mastery-avoidance goal than higher socioeconomic and independent countries. Concerning, the meta-analyzed correlates, most relationships were hypothesized through the performance-approach goal, and both avoidance goals appeared to be too similar in relationships with the correlates raising theoretical concerns. Overall, the mastery-approach goals had the most meaningful biased corrected effect size values (rc) with the outcome correlates, such as relative autonomy (0.47), intrinsic motivation (0.52), effort (0.40), positive affect (0.42), physical activity intent (0.38). Based on the present and past meta-analytic results, the 2 × 2 achievement goals as currently measured was questioned. Future research suggestions included fundamental questionnaire issues, the need for latent profile analysis or other more advanced statistics, and whether the 2 × 2 achievement goal framework is the most appropriate framework in physical activity contexts.

Individual Motivations, Motivational Climate, Enjoyment, and Physical Competence Perceptions in Finnish Team Sport Athletes: A Prospective and Retrospective Study.

Despite the high rates of participation in sports clubs among Finnish youth, only a few reach elite levels. This study investigated a number of motivational factors, enjoyment, and perceived physical competence perceptions of Finnish youth athletes in their adolescence and then four years later to help understand determinants of elite level attainment. The sample consisted of 824 young athletes born in 1995, who were playing soccer, ice hockey, or basketball in the Finnish sports club system. As youths, participants completed measurements of the perceived task and ego climates, task and ego goal orientations, autonomous and controlled motivations, amotivation, sport enjoyment, and perceived physical competence. Retrospectively, the same participants completed measurements of task, ego, social relatedness, and autonomy supportive climates four years later. All variables were compared to self-reported elite status attainment. Additionally, we examined some demographic characteristics. Prospectively, the self-reported elite athletes (n = 79) reported significantly (p < 0.05) higher perceptions of a task climate, perceived physical competence, sport enjoyment, and autonomous motivation and a lower level of amotivation compared to nonelite athletes. The meaningfulness (Hedges' g) of the significant differences ranged from small to moderate. Retrospectively, elite athletes indicated significantly (p < 0.05) higher perception of a task climate and a social relatedness climate during their sporting career. Hedges' g ranged from moderate to large in meaningfulness. The findings highlighted the importance of focusing on the positive aspects surrounding elite athletes' perceptions to promote youth athletes' development, while not discounting the importance of physical size and talent.

O perfil do gestor esportivo brasileiro: revisão sistemática da literatura / The profile of brazilian sports managers: a systematic literature review / El perfil del gestor deportivo brasileño: revisión bibliográfica sistemática

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os perfis dos gestores esportivos brasileiros apresentados pela literatura, no período de 1980 a 2016. Os trabalhos analisados foram obtidos em bases de dados eletrônicas e repositórios de universidades. As palavras-chave utilizadas foram "gestão esportiva", "gestão do esporte", "gestor esportivo", "dirigente esportivo", "administração esportiva" e "perfil e gestor esportivo". Com a utilização do método PRISMA, 19 estudos foram analisados. Esses trabalhos evidenciaram que o gestor esportivo brasileiro atua em organizações públicas, privadas e sem fins lucrativos e é, em sua maioria, do sexo masculino, com idade média de 42 anos, formação predominante em Educação Física e Administração e tempo de experiência máximo de 14 anos. Tais resultados apontam a necessidade de estratégias para a inserção da mulher no campo da gestão esportiva, além de enfatizar a importância de uma formação específica para os gestores esportivos brasileiros

This study looked into the profiles of Brazilian sports managers presented in the literature from 1980 to 2016. The articles analyzed were obtained from electronic databases and university repositories. The keywords used were "sports management", "sports manager", "sports director" and "profile and sports manager" (in their Portuguese versions). Nineteen studies were examined by the PRISMA's method. They showed that Brazilian sports managers work in public, private and nonprofit organizations and are predominantly male. On average, they are 42 years old, predominantly trained in Physical Education and Business Administration, and have maximum work experience of 14 years. These results point out the need for strategies to include women in the field of sports management. In addition, they emphasize the importance of specific training for Brazilian sports managers

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los perfiles de los gestores deportivos brasileños presentados por la literatura en el período de 1980 a 2016. Los trabajos analizados se obtuvieron en bases de datos electrónicas y repositorios de universidades. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron "gestión deportiva", "gestión del deporte", "gestor deportivo", "dirigente deportivo", "administración deportiva" y "perfil y gestor deportivo". Con el método PRISMA, se analizaron 19 estudios. Estos trabajos evidencian que el gestor deportivo brasileño actúa en organizaciones públicas, privadas y sin fines de lucro y es, en su mayoría, del sexo masculino, con edad media de 42 años, formación predominante en Educación Física y Administración y con tiempo de experiencia máximo de 14 años. Estos resultados apuntan hacia la necesidad de estrategias para la inserción de la mujer en el campo de la gestión deportiva, además de enfatizar la importancia de una formación específica para los gestores deportivos brasileños

BLOOD PRESSURE IN HYPERTENSIVE WOMEN AFTER AEROBICS AND HYDROGYMNASTICS SESSIONS.

INTRODUCTION: regular exercise has been recommended as an important behavior in controlling blood pressure. In recent years it has been demonstrated that a single session of exercise can lower blood pressure levels compared to pre-exercise period, becoming an effective non-pharmacological therapy for the treatment of hypertension. OBJECTIVE: the purpose of this study was to analyze the levels of blood pressure in post-exercise period of controlled hypertension women after an aerobics session and a hydrogymnastics session. METHODS: twelve elderly (65 ± 3.6 years) who practice regular physical activity for at least two months had their levels of blood pressure measured during 60 minutes after the end of each session. Blood pressure was measured every five minutes after the end of each session until the twentieth minute of recovery. Following, blood pressure was measured every ten minutes. T-student test was used to compare mean and the level of significance adopted was 5%. RESULTS: the mean values of hypotension found during the recovery period after the hydrogymnastics session were not significantly different when compared to blood pressure levels of the pre-exercise period (p = 0.260). However, the result of the same comparison for the aerobics session was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The lowest values of systolic blood pressure reached in the recovery period for hydrogymnastics (120 mmHg) and aerobics (106 mmHg) were significantly different (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: the aerobics session showed to be more effective in reducing post-exercise blood pressure compared to the hydrogymnastics. After practice aerobics, the participants presented lower blood pressure levels and longer duration of the hypotensive effect.

Introducción: la práctica regular de ejercicios ha sido recomendada como conducta importante en el control de la presión arterial. En los últimos años se ha demostrado que una sola sesión de ejercicio físico puede disminuir la presión arterial comparada a los niveles del periodo pre-ejercicio, convirtiéndose en una terapia no farmacológica efectiva para el tratamiento de la hipertensión. Objetivo: analizar el comportamiento de la presión arterial post-ejercicio en mujeres hipertensas controladas tras la realización de una sesión de gimnasia acuática y una sesión de gimnasia aeróbica. Métodos: participaron en el estudio 12 mujeres mayores con edad de 65 ± 3.6 años y practicantes de actividad física por un periodo superior a dos meses. La presión arterial fue medida durante 60 minutos tras el final de cada clase. Este procedimiento fue realizado cada 5 minutos tras el esfuerzo hasta el vigésimo minuto de la recuperación, seguido de mediciones cada 10 minutos hasta el sexagésimo minuto. Fue utilizado el test T-Student para la comparación de los promedios y fue adoptado un nivel de significación del 5%. Resultados: los promedios de hipotensión encontrados durante la recuperación tras la clase de gimnasia acuática no fueron significativamente diferentes comparados con los promedios obtenidos en el pre-ejercicio (p = 0,260). Sin embargo, en la sesión de gimnasia aeróbica la diferencia entre esos valores fue estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,001). Los menores valores de presión arterial sistólica alcanzados en la recuperación para gimnasia acuática (120 mmHg) y gimnasia aeróbica (106 mmHg) también fueron significativamente diferentes (p < 0,001). Conclusión: la gimnasia aeróbica se mostró más eficiente para la reducción de la presión arterial post-ejercicio con respecto a la gimnasia acuática, presentando menores valores y mayor duración del efecto hipotensor.

Blood pressure in hypertensive women after aerobics and hydrogymnastics sessions / Presión arterial en mujeres hipertensas tras sesiones de gimnasia aeróbica y acuática

Introduction: regular exercise has been recommended as an important behavior in controlling blood pressure. In recent years it has been demonstrated that a single session of exercise can lower blood pressure levels compared to pre-exercise period, becoming an effective non-pharmacological therapy for the treatment of hypertension. Objective: the purpose of this study was to analyze the levels of blood pressure in post-exercise period of controlled hypertension women after an aerobics session and a hydrogymnastics session. Methods: twelve elderly (65±3.6 years) who practice regular physical activity for at least two months had their levels of blood pressure measured during 60 minutes after the end of each session. Blood pressure was measured every five minutes after the end of each session until the twentieth minute of recovery. Following, blood pressure was measured every ten minutes. T-student test was used to compare mean and the level of significance adopted was 5%. Results: the mean values of hypotension found during the recovery period after the hydrogymnastics session were not significantly different when compared to blood pressure levels of the pre-exercise period (p=0.260). However, the result of the same comparison for the aerobics session was statistically significant (p<0.001). The lowest values of systolic blood pressure reached in the recovery period for hydrogymnastics (120 mmHg) and aerobics (106 mmHg) were significantly different (p0.001). Conclusions: the aerobics session showed to be more effective in reducing post-exercise blood pressure compared to the hydrogymnastics. After practice aerobics, the participants presented lower blood pressure levels and longer duration of the hypotensive effect (AU)

Introducción: la práctica regular de ejercicios ha sido recomendada como conducta importante en el control de la presión arterial. En los últimos años se ha demostrado que una sola sesión de ejercicio físico puede disminuir la presión arterial comparada a los niveles del periodo pre-ejercicio, convirtiéndose en una terapia no farmacológica efectiva para el tratamiento de la hipertensión. Objetivo: analizar el comportamiento de la presión arterial post-ejercicio en mujeres hipertensas controladas tras la realización de una sesión de gimnasia acuática y una sesión de gimnasia aeróbica. Métodos: participaron en el estudio 12 mujeres mayores con edad de 65±3.6 años y practicantes de actividad física por un periodo superior a dos meses. La presión arterial fue medida durante 60 minutos tras el final de cada clase. Este procedimiento fue realizado cada 5 minutos tras el esfuerzo hasta el vigésimo minuto de la recuperación, seguido de mediciones cada 10 minutos hasta el sexagésimo minuto. Fue utilizado el test T-Student para la comparación de los promedios y fue adoptado un nivel de significación del 5%. Resultados: los promedios de hipotensión encontrados durante la recuperación tras la clase de gimnasia acuática no fueron significativamente diferentes comparados con los promedios obtenidos en el pre-ejercicio (p=0,260). Sin embargo, en la sesión de gimnasia aeróbica la diferencia entre esos valores fue estadísticamente significativa (p<0,001). Los menores valores de presión arterial sistólica alcanzados en la recuperación para gimnasia acuática (120 mmHg) y gimnasia aeróbica (106 mmHg) también fueron significativamente diferentes (p<0,001). Conclusión: la gimnasia aeróbica se mostró más eficiente para la reducción de la presión arterial post-ejercicio con respecto a la gimnasia acuática, presentando menores valores y mayor duración del efecto hipotensor (AU)