Toxicity and phytochemistry of eight species used in the traditional medicine of sul-mato-grossense, Brazil / Toxicidade e fitoquímica de oito espécies usadas na medicina tradicional sul-mato-grossense, Brasil

Abstract The Brazilian Cerrado has several botanical species for medicinal purposes used by traditional communities and many of these plants are not included in the list of Medicinal Plants Research Program of Central Medicines. The purpose of this study was the phytochemical screening and toxicology bioassay front of Brine shrimp L. of ethanolic extracts of eight species of plants used in folk medicine of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The ethanolic extracts were submitted to phytochemical screening, determination of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Toxicological assays were carried front of Brine shrimp according to standard methodology. The analysis TLC and HPLC-DAD confirmed the predominance of phenolic compounds and derivatives, specifically for the quercetin. The most toxic was the C. affinis DC. with death at all concentrations, the A. humile A. St. Hil. showed no mortality and the other species showed intermediate toxicity. The extracts of the investigated species are rich in phenolic compounds and derivatives, specifically quercetin, and feature toxicity between moderate to high, a fact that requires attention, since much of the traditional communities rely on herbal drugs in its raw form with preventive and curative purpose, meeting the basic health care.

Resumo O Cerrado brasileiro possui diversas espécies botânicas com fins medicinais utilizadas por comunidades tradicionais e muitas dessas plantas não estão incluídas na lista do Programa de Pesquisa de Plantas Medicinais da Central de Medicamentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi a triagem fitoquímica e o bioensaio toxicológico frente ao Brine shrimp L. de extratos etanólicos de oito espécies de plantas utilizadas na medicina popular de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. Os extratos etanólicos foram submetidos à triagem fitoquímica, determinação de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides. Os ensaios toxicológicos foram realizados frente ao Brine shrimp de acordo com a metodologia padrão. A análise de cromatografia de camada delgada e HPLC-DAD confirmou a predominância de compostos fenólicos e derivados, especificamente para a quercetina. O mais tóxico foi o C. affinis DC. com a morte em todas as concentrações, o A. humile A. St. Hil. não apresentou mortalidade e as demais espécies apresentaram toxicidade intermediária. Os extratos das espécies investigadas são ricos em compostos fenólicos e derivados, especificamente a quercetina e apresentam toxicidade entre moderada a alta, fato que requer atenção, pois grande parte das comunidades tradicionais conta com fitoterápicos em sua forma bruta com preventivo e finalidade curativa, atendendo aos cuidados básicos de saúde.

Toxicity and phytochemistry of eight species used in the traditional medicine of sul-mato-grossense, Brazil.

The Brazilian Cerrado has several botanical species for medicinal purposes used by traditional communities and many of these plants are not included in the list of Medicinal Plants Research Program of Central Medicines. The purpose of this study was the phytochemical screening and toxicology bioassay front of Brine shrimp L. of ethanolic extracts of eight species of plants used in folk medicine of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The ethanolic extracts were submitted to phytochemical screening, determination of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Toxicological assays were carried front of Brine shrimp according to standard methodology. The analysis TLC and HPLC-DAD confirmed the predominance of phenolic compounds and derivatives, specifically for the quercetin. The most toxic was the C. affinis DC. with death at all concentrations, the A. humile A. St. Hil. showed no mortality and the other species showed intermediate toxicity. The extracts of the investigated species are rich in phenolic compounds and derivatives, specifically quercetin, and feature toxicity between moderate to high, a fact that requires attention, since much of the traditional communities rely on herbal drugs in its raw form with preventive and curative purpose, meeting the basic health care.

Effects of pre-analytical variables on flow cytometric diagnosis of canine lymphoma: A retrospective study (2009-2015).

Flow cytometry (FC) is increasingly being used for immunophenotyping and staging of canine lymphoma. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess pre-analytical variables that might influence the diagnostic utility of FC of lymph node (LN) fine needle aspirate (FNA) specimens from dogs with lymphoproliferative diseases. The study included 987 cases with LN FNA specimens sent for immunophenotyping that were submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Italy from 2009 to 2015. Cases were grouped into 'diagnostic' and 'non-diagnostic'. Pre-analytical factors analysed by univariate and multivariate analyses were animal-related factors (breed, age, sex, size), operator-related factors (year, season, shipping method, submitting veterinarian) and sample-related factors (type of sample material, cellular concentration, cytological smears, artefacts). The submitting veterinarian, sample material, sample cellularity and artefacts affected the likelihood of having a diagnostic sample. The availability of specimens from different sites and of cytological smears increased the odds of obtaining a diagnostic result. Major artefacts affecting diagnostic utility included poor cellularity and the presence of dead cells. Flow cytometry on LN FNA samples yielded conclusive results in more than 90% of cases with adequate sample quality and sampling conditions.

Influence of practice time on surfing injuries / Influência do tempo de prática sobre as lesões decorrentes do surf

Abstract Introduction: studying the influence of surfing on the prevalence of injuries may contribute to prevention. Objective: to analyze the influence of time practicing sports and the occurrence of previous surgery on the profile and prevalence of injuries caused by surfing. Methods: Sixty-six Brazilian surfers (26.16 ± 0.73 years old) participated in this study. Anthropometric data, physical activity level, surfing practice time and the prevalence of injuries (type of injury, anatomical region affected, and mechanism of injury) were evaluated. To assess which of the studied variables exerted significant influence on the mean number of injuries, a Poisson log-linear model was adjusted through R software (p < 0.05). Results: most surfers were classified as eutrophic (73%), very active (60.6%), had an average practice time of 10.1 ± 1 years, and were not members of a surfing federation (74%). It was also observed that 90.9% of participants reported injuries caused by surfing and 44.9% affected the lower limbs. The majority of these injuries affected the integumentary system (46.6%). The main mechanism of injury was impact with the board or seabed (40.4%). Furthermore, it was found that surfing federation members presented an average of 58.4% more injuries than non-members (p = 0.007). Surfers who had undergone previous surgeries showed an average number of injuries that was 56.9% higher than other surfers (p = 0.012). In addition, it was found that for each extra year of surfing, the average number of injuries increased by 2.5% (p = 0.0118). Conclusion: the average number of injuries increased with increment in time practicing the sport, previous surgery and membership in a surfing federation.

Resumo Introdução: estudar a influência da prática de surf sobre a prevalência de lesões pode contribuir para sua prevenção. Objetivo: analisar a influência do tempo de prática esportiva e realização de cirurgia prévia sobre o perfil e prevalência das lesões decorrentes do surf. Métodos: Participaram 66 surfistas brasileiros (26,16 ± 0,73 anos). Foram avaliados os dados antropométricos, o nível de atividade física, o tempo de prática de surf e a prevalência de lesões (tipo de lesão, região anatômica acometida e o mecanismo de lesão). Para avaliar quais das variáveis estudadas exerciam influência significativa na média de lesões foi ajustado um modelo log-linear de Poisson por meio do software R (p < 0,05). Resultados: A maior parte dos surfistas foi classificada como eutróficos (73%), muito ativos (60,6%), tempo médio de prática de 10,1 ± 1 anos e não federados (74%). Foi observado que 90,9% dos participantes reportaram lesões decorrentes do surf, sendo que 44,9% destas lesões acometeram os membros inferiores e a maioria atingiu o sistema tegumentar (46,6%). O principal mecanismo de lesão foi o choque com prancha/fundo do mar (40,4%). Ainda, verificou-se que surfistas federados apresentaram média estimada de lesões 58,4% maior que os não federados (p = 0,007). Surfistas submetidos a cirurgias prévias apresentaram média estimada de lesões 56,9% maior que os demais (p = 0,012). Além disso, constatou-se que para cada ano a mais de prática de surf, a média estimada de lesões cresceu 2,5% (p = 0,0118). Conclusão: A média estimada de lesões dos surfistas aumentou com o incremento do tempo de prática, realização de cirurgia pregressa e estar federado.

Toxicity and phytochemistry of eight species used in the traditional medicine of sul-mato-grossense, Brazil

Abstract The Brazilian Cerrado has several botanical species for medicinal purposes used by traditional communities and many of these plants are not included in the list of Medicinal Plants Research Program of Central Medicines. The purpose of this study was the phytochemical screening and toxicology bioassay front of Brine shrimp L. of ethanolic extracts of eight species of plants used in folk medicine of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The ethanolic extracts were submitted to phytochemical screening, determination of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Toxicological assays were carried front of Brine shrimp according to standard methodology. The analysis TLC and HPLC-DAD confirmed the predominance of phenolic compounds and derivatives, specifically for the quercetin. The most toxic was the C. affinis DC. with death at all concentrations, the A. humile A. St. Hil. showed no mortality and the other species showed intermediate toxicity. The extracts of the investigated species are rich in phenolic compounds and derivatives, specifically quercetin, and feature toxicity between moderate to high, a fact that requires attention, since much of the traditional communities rely on herbal drugs in its raw form with preventive and curative purpose, meeting the basic health care.

Resumo O Cerrado brasileiro possui diversas espécies botânicas com fins medicinais utilizadas por comunidades tradicionais e muitas dessas plantas não estão incluídas na lista do Programa de Pesquisa de Plantas Medicinais da Central de Medicamentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi a triagem fitoquímica e o bioensaio toxicológico frente ao Brine shrimp L. de extratos etanólicos de oito espécies de plantas utilizadas na medicina popular de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. Os extratos etanólicos foram submetidos à triagem fitoquímica, determinação de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides. Os ensaios toxicológicos foram realizados frente ao Brine shrimp de acordo com a metodologia padrão. A análise de cromatografia de camada delgada e HPLC-DAD confirmou a predominância de compostos fenólicos e derivados, especificamente para a quercetina. O mais tóxico foi o C. affinis DC. com a morte em todas as concentrações, o A. humile A. St. Hil. não apresentou mortalidade e as demais espécies apresentaram toxicidade intermediária. Os extratos das espécies investigadas são ricos em compostos fenólicos e derivados, especificamente a quercetina e apresentam toxicidade entre moderada a alta, fato que requer atenção, pois grande parte das comunidades tradicionais conta com fitoterápicos em sua forma bruta com preventivo e finalidade curativa, atendendo aos cuidados básicos de saúde.

Associação entre dor lombar e aspectos cinético-funcionais em surfistas: incapacidade, funcionalidade, flexibilidade, amplitude de movimento e ângulo da coluna torácica e lombar / La asociación entre dolor lumbar y aspectos cinético y funcionales en surfistas: incapacidad, funcionalidad, flexibilidad, amplitud del movimiento y ángulo de la columna torácica y lumbar / Association between low back pain and functional/kinetic aspects of surfers: disability, function, flexibility, range of motion and angle of the thoracic and lumbar spine

RESUMO Embora a prática do surf possa contribuir para o aparecimento de dor lombar crônica, ainda não está totalmente esclarecido se a lombalgia está associada a alterações cinético-funcionais. Assim, investigou-se a associação entre a presença de dor lombar com aspectos cinético-funcionais em surfistas com diferentes tempos de prática. Participaram deste estudo observacional de corte transversal 66 surfistas do litoral do Paraná. Os participantes foram alocados em três grupos, conforme o tempo de prática esportiva em anos: G1 (até 4,9 anos), G2 (de 5 a 9,9 anos) e G3 (acima de 10 anos de prática). Foram avaliados: índice de massa corporal, nível de atividade física, presença de dor lombar, intensidade e periodicidade da dor, incapacidade lombar, funcionalidade lombar, flexibilidade lombar, amplitude de movimento lombar, e ângulo torácico e lombar. Para a análise da associação entre os aspectos cinético-funcionais e a dor lombar foram utilizados o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson para dados categóricos e ANOVA com post hoc de Bonferroni (p<0,05) para dados nominais. O maior tempo de prática esportiva (G3) revelou associação com a presença (p=0,05) e maior intensidade da dor lombar (p=0,01). O grupo que praticava o esporte entre 5 a 9,9 anos (G2) apresentou maior ângulo lombar (p=0,04). Conclui-se que a presença da dor lombar crônica em surfistas apresentou associação com a intensidade da dor, o ângulo da coluna lombar e o tempo de prática de surf.

RESUMEN La práctica del surf puede ocasionar dolor lumbar crónica. Pero todavía no se sabe si la lumbalgia está asociada con los aspectos cinéticos y funcionales. En este trabajo se asoció la presencia del dolor lumbar con los aspectos cinético y funcional en surfistas con distintos tiempos de práctica. Del estudio de corte transversal participaron 66 surfistas del litoral de Paraná, Brasil. Se dividieron a los participantes en tres grupos según su tiempo, en años, de práctica deportiva: G1 (hasta 4,9 años), G2 (de 5 a 9,9 años) y G3 (más de 10 años). Se evaluaron: el índice de masa corporal, el nivel de actividad física, la presencia de dolor lumbar, la intensidad y periodicidad del dolor, la incapacidad lumbar, la funcionalidad lumbar, la flexibilidad lumbar, la amplitud del movimiento lumbar, el ángulo torácico y lumbar. Para analizar la asociación de los aspectos cinético y funcional con el dolor lumbar se empleó la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson para los datos categóricos y para los datos nominales la prueba ANOVA con post-hoc, de Bonferroni (p<0,05). El mayor tiempo de práctica deportiva (G3) fue asociado con la presencia (p=0,05) y mayor intensidad del dolor lumbar (p=0,01). El grupo que practicaba de 5 a 9,9 años (G2) este deporte presentó mayor ángulo lumbar (p=0,04). Se concluye que la presencia de dolor lumbar crónica en surfistas estuvo asociada con la intensidad del dolor, el ángulo de la columna lumbar y el tiempo de práctica del surf.

ABSTRACT Although surfing can contribute to chronic low backpain, the relationship between functional/kinetic changes and low back pain are still not fully understood. The association between low back pain and functional/kinetic aspects was investigated in people who had surfed for different numbers of years, in a cross-sectional study involving 66 surfers from the coast of Paraná. The participants were allocated into three groups considering how long they had surfed: G1 (up to 4.9 years), G2 (from 5 to 9.9 years) and G3 (more than 10 years). The following items were evaluated: body mass index; level of physical activity; low back pain; intensity and frequency of low back pain, low back disability, low back function, low back flexibility, low back range of motion, low back and thoracic angles. To analyze the association between functional/kinetic aspects and low back pain, Pearson’s Qui-Square test was used for categorical data, while for nominal data ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post-hoc test (p<0.05) was used. The group which had surfed the longest (G3) showed an association with the occurrence of low back pain (p=0.05) and its highest intensity (p=0.01). The group with 5 to 9.9 years of surfing (G2) showed the largest low back angle (p=0.04). We conclude that the surfer’s chronic low back pain is associated with greater pain intensity, the angle of the lumbar curvature and how long the person has surfed.

Phylogeography of isolated freshwater three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus populations in the Adriatic Sea basin.

Analyses of mitochondrial (mt) DNA and microsatellite variation were carried out to examine the relationships between 10 freshwater populations of three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. Partial sequences of the mtDNA control region and cytochrome b gene, in addition to 15 microsatellite loci, were used to analyse populations from four isolated river catchments. Results uncovered an Adriatic lineage that was clearly divergent from the European lineage, and confirmed that the most divergent and ancient populations are located within the Adriatic lineage as compared with other European populations. Two northern Adriatic populations formed independent clades within the European mitochondrial lineage, suggesting different colonization histories of the different Adriatic populations. Nuclear marker analyses also indicated deep divergence between Adriatic and European populations, albeit with some discordance between the mtDNA phylogeny of the northern Adriatic populations, further highlighting the strong differentiation among the Adriatic populations. The southern populations within the Adriatic lineage were further organized into distinct clades corresponding to respective river catchments and sub-clades corresponding to river tributaries, reflecting a high degree of population structuring within a small geographic region, concurrent with suggestions of existence of several microrefugia within the Balkan Peninsula. The highly divergent clades and haplotypes unique to the southern Adriatic populations further suggest, in accordance with an earlier, more limited survey, that southern Adriatic populations represent an important reservoir for ancient genetic diversity of G. aculeatus.

A new endemic cyprinid species from the Danube drainage.

Populations of endemic Croatian dace were found to belong to two different species, one of which is first described in this study. Telestes karsticus sp. nov. differed morphologically from Telestes polylepis in the total count of lateral line scales, number of gill rakers and the shape of the posterior margin of the anal fin. Morphological differences were corroborated with mtDNA analyses (with p-distance between T. polylepis and T. karsticus sp. nov. ranging between 3·2 and 4·1%; and the number of substitutions between 37 and 47). The newly described species is geographically very localized. It has been recorded from only four localities around Velika Kapela and Mala Kapela mountains in Croatia.

Occurrence of four-spined Gasterosteus aculeatus in an isolated Croatian river population.

An isolated population of the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus in Croatia was found to have a high incidence of specimens either having a fourth dorsal spine or showing remnants of a fourth spine. Juvenile individuals showed a 9.4% incidence of a fourth spine. The population was examined for asymmetry of the skeletal defensive complex in order to determine whether the additional spine could be the result of developmental instability, a response to predation or environmental conditions.

Use of IgG Avidity test in case definitions of toxoplasmosis in pregnancy.

A survey network for congenital toxoplasmosis (TOXO-NET) was set up in December 1996 in Piedmont (Italy). Participants were asked to classify the infections in pregnant mothers and newborns by the criteria of the European Network on Congenital Toxoplasmosis published by Lebech in 1996. Because the IgG Avidity test is largely employed as a 2nd level test in toxoplasmosis diagnosis and it could be helpful to date infection, the co-ordinators of TOXO-NET suggested including it in the "case definition" of "probable" infection and "unlikely" infection. 117 cases of toxoplasmosis in pregnancy divided into the risk categories under Lebech's criteria were re-examined using the "new" case definitions. 77 out of 117 (65.8%) Toxoplasma gondii infections during pregnancy could be defined with only one serum sample using the IgG Avidity test. The IgG Avidity test proved a useful method to classify the Toxoplasma gondii infections in pregnancy, especially when we had only one serum sample.