Uso de enxerto autógeno de fáscia lata no tratamento de defeito segmentar crônico do tendão calcâneo comum em felino doméstico / Use of autogenous fascia lata graft in the treatment of chronic segmental defect of the common calcaneus tendon in domestic feline

Background: The common calcaneus tendon is formed by the common tendon of the femoral biceps muscle, tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle and gastrocnemius muscle tendon, and its rupture is related to acute traumas in small animals. Among some applications described, surgical repair can be adopted in the correction of tendon ruptures and the use of grafts may be indicated in some severe lesions, where it is not possible to perform tenorrhaphy. This study aims to report the case of a feline with rupture of the common calcaneus tendon in which the tenorrafia associated with the autogenous fascia lata graft was performed as adjuvant to the cicatrization of the same.Case: A 24-month-old, undefined male feline with approximately 3 kg was treated at the FCAV Veterinary Hospital, UNESP Jaboticabal, State of São Paulo, Brazil, with a history of falling, for approximately two weeks, and has since plantigrade posture. Upon physical examination, it was possible to identify a discontinuity of the common calcaneus tendon. The radiographs were performed, which did not show any bone changes. A hemogram and biochemical profile were performed, which were within normal limits. The patient underwent surgery, and a complete lesion of the common calcaneus tendon was identified, with a chronic aspect. Approximation of the stumps was impossible, so a flap of fascia lata, about two centimeters long and one centimeter wide, was removed, which was used as a bed and tendon support for tendon growth. After removal all of the present fibrosis, the tendon stumps were approximated by means of modified Kessler suture with mononylon thread, and fascia lata flap of the ipsilateral limb was sutured with separate single points in both tendon ends and in their lateral and medial portion. In the tibiotarsic joint, the external skeletal fixator type II was used for immobilization, during a period of 30 days.[...]

Uso de enxerto autógeno de fáscia lata no tratamento de defeito segmentar crônico do tendão calcâneo comum em felino doméstico / Use of autogenous fascia lata graft in the treatment of chronic segmental defect of the common calcaneus tendon in domestic feline

Background: The common calcaneus tendon is formed by the common tendon of the femoral biceps muscle, tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle and gastrocnemius muscle tendon, and its rupture is related to acute traumas in small animals. Among some applications described, surgical repair can be adopted in the correction of tendon ruptures and the use of grafts may be indicated in some severe lesions, where it is not possible to perform tenorrhaphy. This study aims to report the case of a feline with rupture of the common calcaneus tendon in which the tenorrafia associated with the autogenous fascia lata graft was performed as adjuvant to the cicatrization of the same.Case: A 24-month-old, undefined male feline with approximately 3 kg was treated at the FCAV Veterinary Hospital, UNESP Jaboticabal, State of São Paulo, Brazil, with a history of falling, for approximately two weeks, and has since plantigrade posture. Upon physical examination, it was possible to identify a discontinuity of the common calcaneus tendon. The radiographs were performed, which did not show any bone changes. A hemogram and biochemical profile were performed, which were within normal limits. The patient underwent surgery, and a complete lesion of the common calcaneus tendon was identified, with a chronic aspect. Approximation of the stumps was impossible, so a flap of fascia lata, about two centimeters long and one centimeter wide, was removed, which was used as a bed and tendon support for tendon growth. After removal all of the present fibrosis, the tendon stumps were approximated by means of modified Kessler suture with mononylon thread, and fascia lata flap of the ipsilateral limb was sutured with separate single points in both tendon ends and in their lateral and medial portion. In the tibiotarsic joint, the external skeletal fixator type II was used for immobilization, during a period of 30 days.[...](AU)

Intervertebral disc extrusion between T8 and T9 in a Dachshund

Background: Intervertebral disc extrusion with consequent spinal compression or intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is one of the most common causes of compressive myelopathy in dogs, and the thoracolumbar spine discs between T12 and L2 are most affected. Extrusions in cranial thoracic region are rare, and there is few cases in literature reporting this situations, this rarity is attributed to the presence of the intercapital ligament connecting the rib heads between T2 and T10, which strengthens this region both mechanically and anatomically. The aim of this article is report the clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of a case of Type I Hansen IVDD between T8 and T9 in a Dachshund breed dog. Case: An 8-year-old Dachshund male dog was presented for investigation of pelvic limb incoordination and back pain, which started 10 days prior to the consultation. It had a history of a similar condition 3 months earlier that showed improvement after clinical treatment. On neurological examination was identified in both pelvic limbs proprioceptive ataxia, absence of proprioception, increased muscle tone, presence of interdigital reflex and increased patellar reflex. Cutaneous trunci reflex was absent below T11 on the left side, and pain was noted upon palpation of T7 through the T12 vertebrae. A grade II asymmetric thoracolumbar lesion with hyperesthesia was diagnosed. On suspicion of IV [...](AU)

Lumbar myelography in a crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus)

Background: The Crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) is a nocturnal mammal and lives in savannah, but loss of their natural habitat makes increase cases of traffic accidents on the roads. A growing number of wildlife are treated in veterinary hospitals, but we have some limitation about the correct interpretation of the diagnostic test, specially because, even the tests were not described. Myelography is a radiographic technique indicated for compressive lesions of the spinal cord that are not seen on plain radiographs. The present report aims to describe, for the first time, a lumbar myelogram performed in a paraplegic crab-eating raccoon after it suffer a traffic trauma. Case: A free living adult, 8-kg, female raccoon was presenting acute paraplegia and swelling in the region of the left humerus was referred at veterinary hospital. The patient was alert and aggressive, good body score and no signs of active bleeding. The animal temper did not allow approaching it; therefore, physical and neurological examinations were not feasible. The raccoon was tranquilized (1.6 mL of nilperidol® intramuscular), anesthetized (propofol, dose-effect intravenous) and tracheal intubation to provide oxygen and the patient was monitored continuously, followed by referred for radiology service. The simple radiograph showed a complete transverse fracture in the humerus and compression [...](AU)

Aortic thromboembolism as a consequence of bacterial endocarditis causing acute ischemic neuromyopathy in a dog / Tromboembolismo aórtico decorrente de endocardite bacteriana causando neuromiopatia isquêmica em um cão

Background: Aortic thromboembolism (ATE) is a potentially fatal and rare condition in dogs. Ischemic neuromyopathy is main consequence, characterized by paraparesis or paraplegia, loss of femoral pulses, pain and hypothermia in distal part of affected limbs. In felines, affection is primarily associated with heart problems, whereas in dogs, condition is due to diseases which compromise the blood flow, such as, hyperadrenocorticism, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, sepsis, and more rarely cardiac problems. The aim of this article is describe a case of acute aortic thromboembolism due to bacterial endocarditis in a dog. Case: A female, 9-year-old dog, weighing 28.5 kg, was referred for examination due to acute paraparesis and pain. Patient showed cyanosis in nail beds and cold extremities in hind limbs, heart murmur degree V / IV, and bilateral absence of femoral arterial pulse. Due to suspicion of ATE, patient was treated with heparin, aspirin and tramadol, however it came to die less than 24 h after initial care. At necropsy, there was pulmonary edema, moderate hyperemia and severe tricuspid mitral valve. A thrombus with 3.0 cm of diameter in left atrium was found. At beginning of aorta there was also a thrombus measuring 5.0 cm x 0.3 cm x 0.3 cm and other thrombus in abdominal aortic trifurcation measuring 3.0 cm x 0.5 cm x 0.5 cm. [...](AU)

Intervertebral disc extrusion between T8 and T9 in a Dachshund

Background: Intervertebral disc extrusion with consequent spinal compression or intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is one of the most common causes of compressive myelopathy in dogs, and the thoracolumbar spine discs between T12 and L2 are most affected. Extrusions in cranial thoracic region are rare, and there is few cases in literature reporting this situations, this rarity is attributed to the presence of the intercapital ligament connecting the rib heads between T2 and T10, which strengthens this region both mechanically and anatomically. The aim of this article is report the clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of a case of Type I Hansen IVDD between T8 and T9 in a Dachshund breed dog. Case: An 8-year-old Dachshund male dog was presented for investigation of pelvic limb incoordination and back pain, which started 10 days prior to the consultation. It had a history of a similar condition 3 months earlier that showed improvement after clinical treatment. On neurological examination was identified in both pelvic limbs proprioceptive ataxia, absence of proprioception, increased muscle tone, presence of interdigital reflex and increased patellar reflex. Cutaneous trunci reflex was absent below T11 on the left side, and pain was noted upon palpation of T7 through the T12 vertebrae. A grade II asymmetric thoracolumbar lesion with hyperesthesia was diagnosed. On suspicion of IV [...]

Aortic thromboembolism as a consequence of bacterial endocarditis causing acute ischemic neuromyopathy in a dog / Tromboembolismo aórtico decorrente de endocardite bacteriana causando neuromiopatia isquêmica em um cão

Background: Aortic thromboembolism (ATE) is a potentially fatal and rare condition in dogs. Ischemic neuromyopathy is main consequence, characterized by paraparesis or paraplegia, loss of femoral pulses, pain and hypothermia in distal part of affected limbs. In felines, affection is primarily associated with heart problems, whereas in dogs, condition is due to diseases which compromise the blood flow, such as, hyperadrenocorticism, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, sepsis, and more rarely cardiac problems. The aim of this article is describe a case of acute aortic thromboembolism due to bacterial endocarditis in a dog. Case: A female, 9-year-old dog, weighing 28.5 kg, was referred for examination due to acute paraparesis and pain. Patient showed cyanosis in nail beds and cold extremities in hind limbs, heart murmur degree V / IV, and bilateral absence of femoral arterial pulse. Due to suspicion of ATE, patient was treated with heparin, aspirin and tramadol, however it came to die less than 24 h after initial care. At necropsy, there was pulmonary edema, moderate hyperemia and severe tricuspid mitral valve. A thrombus with 3.0 cm of diameter in left atrium was found. At beginning of aorta there was also a thrombus measuring 5.0 cm x 0.3 cm x 0.3 cm and other thrombus in abdominal aortic trifurcation measuring 3.0 cm x 0.5 cm x 0.5 cm. [...]

Lumbar myelography in a crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus)

Background: The Crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) is a nocturnal mammal and lives in savannah, but loss of their natural habitat makes increase cases of traffic accidents on the roads. A growing number of wildlife are treated in veterinary hospitals, but we have some limitation about the correct interpretation of the diagnostic test, specially because, even the tests were not described. Myelography is a radiographic technique indicated for compressive lesions of the spinal cord that are not seen on plain radiographs. The present report aims to describe, for the first time, a lumbar myelogram performed in a paraplegic crab-eating raccoon after it suffer a traffic trauma. Case: A free living adult, 8-kg, female raccoon was presenting acute paraplegia and swelling in the region of the left humerus was referred at veterinary hospital. The patient was alert and aggressive, good body score and no signs of active bleeding. The animal temper did not allow approaching it; therefore, physical and neurological examinations were not feasible. The raccoon was tranquilized (1.6 mL of nilperidol® intramuscular), anesthetized (propofol, dose-effect intravenous) and tracheal intubation to provide oxygen and the patient was monitored continuously, followed by referred for radiology service. The simple radiograph showed a complete transverse fracture in the humerus and compression [...]

Instabilidade atlantoaxial em cães: fisiopatologia, abordagens clínico-cirúrgicas e prognóstico / Atlantoaxial instability in dogs: pathophysiology, clinical-surgical approaches and prognosis / Inestabilidad atlantoaxial en perros: fisiopatología, enfoques clínico-quirúrgicos y pronóstico

A instabilidade da articulação atlantoaxial é uma afecção comum entre cães de raça de pequeno porte, e os sinais clínicos desenvolvem-se com menos de dois anos de idade, geralmente são progressivos e o paciente apresenta hiperestesia cervical, ataxia proprioceptiva, e em casos severos paraplegia. A instabilidade pode gerar subluxação dorsal do axis em relação ao atlas, levando a uma lesão medular em diferentes níveis. Alterações congênitas, como ausência ou hipoplasia do processo odontóide e ligamentos, ou traumáticas, como fraturas do processo odontóide e ruptura dos ligamentos estão envolvidas na fisiopatologia da afecção. O diagnóstico pode ser realizado com auxílio de radiografias lateral e ventrodorsal com a região craniocervical em posição neutra. O tratamento clínico é a escolha primária e faz-se o uso de colar cervical por três meses, confinamento e corticosteróides. Exceção a este tratamento são pacientes com apresentação clínica severa ou refratários ao tratamento conservativo, nestes casos indica-se a cirurgia para estabilização por meio de abordagens ventrais ou dorsais. Observou-se que as técnicas cirúrgicas ventrais apresentam maiores índices de sucesso e menores recorrências de recidivas, contudo, as estabilizações cirúrgicas continuam a ser um desafio pela elevada taxa de complicações e óbitos transoperatórios.

The instability of the atlantoaxial joint is a common condition among dogs small breed, and clinical signs are developed under two years of age, are usually progressive and the patient presents cervical hyperesthesia, ataxia proprioceptive, and in severe cases tetraplegia. The instability can generate subluxation dorsal of axis in relation to the atlas, leading to spinal cord injury at different levels. Congenital abnormalities, such as absence or hypoplasia of the odontoid process and ligaments, or traumatic, such as fractures of the odontoid process and rupture of ligaments are involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. The diagnosis can be performed with the aid of lateral X-rays with the DV region craniocervical in neutral position. Clinical treatment is the primary choice and makes the use of cervical collar for three months confinement and corticosteroids. Exception to this treatment are patients with severe clinical presentation or refractory to conservative treatment in these cases is indicated surgery to stabilize through the ventral or dorsal approaches. It was observed that the ventral surgical techniques have higher success rates and lower recurrence of relapse, however, surgical stabilization remains a challenge due to high rate of intraoperative complications and death.

La inestabilidad de la articulación atlantoaxial es una condición común entre los perros de raza pequeña, y los signos clínicos se desarrollan bajo dos años de edad, son por lo general progresiva y el paciente hiperestesia cervical, ataxia propioceptiva, y en casos severos tetraplejia. La inestabilidad puede generar eje dorsal subluxación en relación con el atlas, lo que lleva a una lesión de la médula espinal en los diferentes niveles. Anomalías congénitas, tales como ausencia o hipoplasia de la apófisis odontoides y ligamentos, o traumática, tales como fracturas de la apófisis odontoides y la rotura de los ligamentos están implicados en la fisiopatología de la enfermedad. El diagnóstico se puede realizar con la ayuda de los rayos X en la región lateral VD craneocervical en posición de punto muerto. El tratamiento clínico es la elección primaria y hace que el uso del collarín cervical durante tres meses de confinamiento y corticosteroides. Excepción a este tratamiento son los pacientes con presentación clínica grave o refractario al tratamiento conservador en estos casos la cirugía está indicada para estabilizar a través de los enfoques ventral o dorsal. Se observó que las técnicas quirúrgicas ventrales tienen mayores tasas de éxito y menor recurrencia de recaídas, sin embargo, la estabilización quirúrgica sigue siendo un desafío debido a la alta tasa de complicaciones intraoperatorias y muertes.

Gastropatia pilórica hipertrófica crônica secundária à gastrite linfoplasmocitária em cão: relato de caso / Chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy secundary to lymphoplasmacytic gastritis in a dog: case report / Gastropatía pilórica hipertrófica crónica secundaria a gastritis linfoplasmocitária en un perro: reporte de caso

A gastropatia hipertrófica pilórica crônica é o termo que se refere à hipertrofia pilórica sem especificar se a camada mucosa e/ou muscular estão envolvidas. O presente trabalho relata um caso de gastropatia hipertrófica crônica secundária à gastrite linfoplasmocitária em um cão. O diagnóstico foi confirmado através de celiotomia exploratória e análise histopatológica e o tratamento instituído através de piloroplastia, bem como terapia imunosupressora foram fundamentais para a melhora clínica significativa do paciente.

The gastropathy chronic hypertrophic pyloric is a term that refers to hypertrophic pyloric without specifying the mucous layer and / or muscle are involved. This paper reports a case of hypertrophic gastropathy secondary to chronic lymphoplasmacytic gastritis in a dog. The diagnosis was confirmed by exploratory laparotomy and histopathological analysis and the treatment by pyloroplasty, as well as immunosuppressive therapy have been fundamental to the clinical improvement of the patient.

La gastropatía hipertrófica del píloro crónica es un término que se refiere a hipertrofia pilórica sin especificar la capa mucosa y / o músculos que esten involucrados. Se presenta el caso de gastropatía hipertrófica secundaria a gastritis crónica linfoplasmacítica en un perro. El diagnóstico fue confirmado por el análisis exploratorio de laparotomía y histopatológico y el tratamiento por piloroplastia, así como la terapia inmunosupresora han sido fundamental para la mejoría clínica del paciente.

Lumbar myelography in the diagnosis of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion in dogs: prospective study / Mielografia lombar no diagnóstico de extrusão do disco intervertebral toracolombar em cães: estudo prospectivo

Thoracolumbar disk extrusion is the most common cause of extradural compression of the spinal cord in dogs. Myelography is one of the most commonly performed techniques for the diagnosis of this affection. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of lumbar myelography in the diagnosis of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion in dogs, as well as its major complications. Twenty dogs were used in this study. Animals were included when neurological examination suggested thoracolumbar spine lesion, myelography was used as a complementary diagnostic method, and diagnosis of disk extrusion was surgically confirmed. The accuracy of the exam to predict location and lateralization of extruded disk material were evaluated, as well as complications associated to the procedure. Lumbar myelography exhibited 95% and 60% accuracy for location and lateralization of the lesion, respectively, with minimal complications.(AU)

 A extrusão do disco toracolombar é a causa mais comum de compressão extradural da medula espinhal em cães. A mielografia é uma das técnicas mais comumente realizadas para o diagnóstico desta afecção. Objetivou-se avaliar a aplicabilidade e efetividade da técnica de mielografia lombar no diagnóstico de extrusão do disco intervertebral toracolombar em cães, bem como suas principais complicações. Foram utilizados 20 animais que ao exame neurológico apresentaram localização da lesão na região toracolombar e que tiveram indicação de mielografia como método diagnóstico complementar e confirmação do diagnóstico de extrusão do disco no trans-operatório. Avaliou-se a precisão do exame na localização e lateralização da lesão, e as complicações associadas ao procedimento. A mielografia lombar teve acurácia de 95% e 60% para a localização e a lateralização da lesão respectivamente, com complicações mínimas.(AU)

Hansen type II disc disease in dogs: pathophysiology, clinicalsurgical approach and controversies / Doença do disco intervertebral Hansen tipo II em cães: fisiopatologia, abordagem clínico-cirúrgica e controvérsias

Protrusion of the intervertebral disc can cause chronic progressive compression of the spinal cord, and the neurological associated signs vary according to anatomical location, duration and dynamic force of compression. The type II disc disease is not fully understood, and there are many controversies about is clinical significance and best form of treatment. The most important aspect of conservative treatment is rest and physiotherapy associated with mild exercise, and use of corticosteroids to reduce vasogenic edema. The spinal decompression by surgery for removal of disc material from within the medullary canal is the surgical treatment of choice in type I disc disease, but has technical limitations in the type II disc disease. The purpose of this paper is to review the pathophysiology and treatment of chronic intervertebral disc disease and discuss the controversies in medical treatment and the use of some traditional and new surgical techniques.(AU)

A protrusão do disco intervertebral pode provocar compressão progressiva crônica da medula espinhal e os sinais neurológicos associados variam de acordo com a localização anatômica, duração e força dinâmica da compressão. A doença do disco tipo II não é totalmente compreendida, havendo muitas controvérsias sobre seu significado clínico e melhor forma de tratamento. O aspecto mais importante do tratamento conservador refere-se ao repouso associado à fisioterapia e exercícios leves, além de uso de corticoesteróides para diminuir o edema vasogênico. A descompressão medular por meio de cirurgia para remoção de material do disco do interior do canal medular é o tratamento cirúrgico de eleição na doença do disco tipo I, mas apresenta limitações quanto à técnica e ao resultado na doença do disco do tipo II. O objetivo deste trabalho é revisar a fisiopatologia e o tratamento da doença do disco intervertebral crônica e discutir as controvérsias existentes no tratamento médico bem como o uso de técnicas cirúrgicas tradicionais e novas técnicas.(AU)

Hansen type II disc disease in dogs: pathophysiology, clinicalsurgical approach and controversies / Doença do disco intervertebral Hansen tipo II em cães: fisiopatologia, abordagem clínico-cirúrgica e controvérsias

Protrusion of the intervertebral disc can cause chronic progressive compression of the spinal cord, and the neurological associated signs vary according to anatomical location, duration and dynamic force of compression. The type II disc disease is not fully understood, and there are many controversies about is clinical significance and best form of treatment. The most important aspect of conservative treatment is rest and physiotherapy associated with mild exercise, and use of corticosteroids to reduce vasogenic edema. The spinal decompression by surgery for removal of disc material from within the medullary canal is the surgical treatment of choice in type I disc disease, but has technical limitations in the type II disc disease. The purpose of this paper is to review the pathophysiology and treatment of chronic intervertebral disc disease and discuss the controversies in medical treatment and the use of some traditional and new surgical techniques.

A protrusão do disco intervertebral pode provocar compressão progressiva crônica da medula espinhal e os sinais neurológicos associados variam de acordo com a localização anatômica, duração e força dinâmica da compressão. A doença do disco tipo II não é totalmente compreendida, havendo muitas controvérsias sobre seu significado clínico e melhor forma de tratamento. O aspecto mais importante do tratamento conservador refere-se ao repouso associado à fisioterapia e exercícios leves, além de uso de corticoesteróides para diminuir o edema vasogênico. A descompressão medular por meio de cirurgia para remoção de material do disco do interior do canal medular é o tratamento cirúrgico de eleição na doença do disco tipo I, mas apresenta limitações quanto à técnica e ao resultado na doença do disco do tipo II. O objetivo deste trabalho é revisar a fisiopatologia e o tratamento da doença do disco intervertebral crônica e discutir as controvérsias existentes no tratamento médico bem como o uso de técnicas cirúrgicas tradicionais e novas técnicas.

Hansen type II disc disease in dogs: pathophysiology, clinicalsurgical approach and controversies / Doença do disco intervertebral Hansen tipo II em cães: fisiopatologia, abordagem clínico-cirúrgica e controvérsias

Protrusion of the intervertebral disc can cause chronic progressive compression of the spinal cord, and the neurological associated signs vary according to anatomical location, duration and dynamic force of compression. The type II disc disease is not fully understood, and there are many controversies about is clinical significance and best form of treatment. The most important aspect of conservative treatment is rest and physiotherapy associated with mild exercise, and use of corticosteroids to reduce vasogenic edema. The spinal decompression by surgery for removal of disc material from within the medullary canal is the surgical treatment of choice in type I disc disease, but has technical limitations in the type II disc disease. The purpose of this paper is to review the pathophysiology and treatment of chronic intervertebral disc disease and discuss the controversies in medical treatment and the use of some traditional and new surgical techniques.

A protrusão do disco intervertebral pode provocar compressão progressiva crônica da medula espinhal e os sinais neurológicos associados variam de acordo com a localização anatômica, duração e força dinâmica da compressão. A doença do disco tipo II não é totalmente compreendida, havendo muitas controvérsias sobre seu significado clínico e melhor forma de tratamento. O aspecto mais importante do tratamento conservador refere-se ao repouso associado à fisioterapia e exercícios leves, além de uso de corticoesteróides para diminuir o edema vasogênico. A descompressão medular por meio de cirurgia para remoção de material do disco do interior do canal medular é o tratamento cirúrgico de eleição na doença do disco tipo I, mas apresenta limitações quanto à técnica e ao resultado na doença do disco do tipo II. O objetivo deste trabalho é revisar a fisiopatologia e o tratamento da doença do disco intervertebral crônica e discutir as controvérsias existentes no tratamento médico bem como o uso de técnicas cirúrgicas tradicionais e novas técnicas.

Hansen type II disc disease in dogs: pathophysiology, clinicalsurgical approach and controversies / Doença do disco intervertebral Hansen tipo II em cães: fisiopatologia, abordagem clínico-cirúrgica e controvérsias

Protrusion of the intervertebral disc can cause chronic progressive compression of the spinal cord, and the neurological associated signs vary according to anatomical location, duration and dynamic force of compression. The type II disc disease is not fully understood, and there are many controversies about is clinical significance and best form of treatment. The most important aspect of conservative treatment is rest and physiotherapy associated with mild exercise, and use of corticosteroids to reduce vasogenic edema. The spinal decompression by surgery for removal of disc material from within the medullary canal is the surgical treatment of choice in type I disc disease, but has technical limitations in the type II disc disease. The purpose of this paper is to review the pathophysiology and treatment of chronic intervertebral disc disease and discuss the controversies in medical treatment and the use of some traditional and new surgical techniques.

A protrusão do disco intervertebral pode provocar compressão progressiva crônica da medula espinhal e os sinais neurológicos associados variam de acordo com a localização anatômica, duração e força dinâmica da compressão. A doença do disco tipo II não é totalmente compreendida, havendo muitas controvérsias sobre seu significado clínico e melhor forma de tratamento. O aspecto mais importante do tratamento conservador refere-se ao repouso associado à fisioterapia e exercícios leves, além de uso de corticoesteróides para diminuir o edema vasogênico. A descompressão medular por meio de cirurgia para remoção de material do disco do interior do canal medular é o tratamento cirúrgico de eleição na doença do disco tipo I, mas apresenta limitações quanto à técnica e ao resultado na doença do disco do tipo II. O objetivo deste trabalho é revisar a fisiopatologia e o tratamento da doença do disco intervertebral crônica e discutir as controvérsias existentes no tratamento médico bem como o uso de técnicas cirúrgicas tradicionais e novas técnicas.

Lumbar myelography in the diagnosis of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion in dogs: prospective study / Mielografia lombar no diagnóstico de extrusão do disco intervertebral toracolombar em cães: estudo prospectivo

Thoracolumbar disk extrusion is the most common cause of extradural compression of the spinal cord in dogs. Myelography is one of the most commonly performed techniques for the diagnosis of this affection. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of lumbar myelography in the diagnosis of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion in dogs, as well as its major complications. Twenty dogs were used in this study. Animals were included when neurological examination suggested thoracolumbar spine lesion, myelography was used as a complementary diagnostic method, and diagnosis of disk extrusion was surgically confirmed. The accuracy of the exam to predict location and lateralization of extruded disk material were evaluated, as well as complications associated to the procedure. Lumbar myelography exhibited 95% and 60% accuracy for location and lateralization of the lesion, respectively, with minimal complications.

A extrusão do disco toracolombar é a causa mais comum de compressão extradural da medula espinhal em cães. A mielografia é uma das técnicas mais comumente realizadas para o diagnóstico desta afecção. Objetivou-se avaliar a aplicabilidade e efetividade da técnica de mielografia lombar no diagnóstico de extrusão do disco intervertebral toracolombar em cães, bem como suas principais complicações. Foram utilizados 20 animais que ao exame neurológico apresentaram localização da lesão na região toracolombar e que tiveram indicação de mielografia como método diagnóstico complementar e confirmação do diagnóstico de extrusão do disco no trans-operatório. Avaliou-se a precisão do exame na localização e lateralização da lesão, e as complicações associadas ao procedimento. A mielografia lombar teve acurácia de 95% e 60% para a localização e a lateralização da lesão respectivamente, com complicações mínimas.

Pseudocisto pancreático em cão – relato de caso / Pancreatc pseudocyst in dog – case report

Os pseudocistos pancreáticos são secundários à pancreatite aguda e podem se estender aosórgãos adjacentes. As lesões são císticas e caracterizam-se por acumulo de secreção pancreáticacircunscrita por tecido fibroso sem epitélio verdadeiro. São diagnosticados por ultrassonografia,ressonância magnética e associação com sinais clínicos, sendo o diagnóstico difícil devidoà dificuldade de acesso anatômico desse órgão, assim, a confirmação do diagnóstico realizadoatravés da laparotomia exploratória, Os sinais clínicos mais comuns são dor, aumento do abdômene apatia. O tratamento é a laparotomia com drenagem, curetagem e lavagem do interiordo cisto. O presente estudo objetiva relatar um caso de pseudocisto pancreático, bem como osucesso de seu tratamento, destacando a manobra de omentalização como parte importante noresultado final.

Pancreatic pseudocysts are secondary to acute pancreatitis and may be extended to adjacent organs.The lesions are cystic and are characterized by accumulation of pancreatic secretion circumscribedby fibrous wall without the original epithelium. They are diagnosed by ultrasonography, magnetic resonance and association with clinical signs, and the diagnosis was difficult due to access difficultiesanatomy of the organ, so the diagnosis is established by exploratory laparotomy. The most commonclinical signs are pain, abdominal enlargement, and apathy. Treatment is laparotomy with drainage,curettage and washing the cystic cavity. This study aims to report a case of pancreatic pseudocyst, aswell as the success of its treatment, highlighting the omentalisation maneuver as an important part ofthe finaly result.

Pseudocisto pancreático em cão relato de caso / Pancreatc pseudocyst in dog case report

Os pseudocistos pancreáticos são secundários à pancreatite aguda e podem se estender aosórgãos adjacentes. As lesões são císticas e caracterizam-se por acumulo de secreção pancreáticacircunscrita por tecido fibroso sem epitélio verdadeiro. São diagnosticados por ultrassonografia,ressonância magnética e associação com sinais clínicos, sendo o diagnóstico difícil devidoà dificuldade de acesso anatômico desse órgão, assim, a confirmação do diagnóstico realizadoatravés da laparotomia exploratória, Os sinais clínicos mais comuns são dor, aumento do abdômene apatia. O tratamento é a laparotomia com drenagem, curetagem e lavagem do interiordo cisto. O presente estudo objetiva relatar um caso de pseudocisto pancreático, bem como osucesso de seu tratamento, destacando a manobra de omentalização como parte importante noresultado final.AU

Pancreatic pseudocysts are secondary to acute pancreatitis and may be extended to adjacent organs.The lesions are cystic and are characterized by accumulation of pancreatic secretion circumscribedby fibrous wall without the original epithelium. They are diagnosed by ultrasonography, magnetic resonance and association with clinical signs, and the diagnosis was difficult due to access difficultiesanatomy of the organ, so the diagnosis is established by exploratory laparotomy. The most commonclinical signs are pain, abdominal enlargement, and apathy. Treatment is laparotomy with drainage,curettage and washing the cystic cavity. This study aims to report a case of pancreatic pseudocyst, aswell as the success of its treatment, highlighting the omentalisation maneuver as an important part ofthe finaly result.AU

Instabilidade atlantoaxial: revisão de literatura

A instabilidade da articulação atlantoaxial pode gerar uma subluxação dorsal do axis emrelação ao atlas. Alterações congênitas, como ausência/hipoplasia do processo odontóide e ligamentos, ou traumáticas, como fraturas do processo odontóide e rupturados ligamentos estão envolvidas na fisiopatogenia da afecção. A subluxação atlantoaxial ocasiona uma lesão medular traumática devido à concussão e compressão da medula espinhal. É uma afecção comum entre cães de raça de pequeno porte, e ossinais clínicos desenvolvem-se com menos de dois anos de idade, geralmente são progressivos e o paciente apresenta hiperestesia cervical, ataxia proprioceptiva, e em casos severos tetraplegia. O diagnóstico consiste de radiografias lateral e ventrodorsal com o pescoço em posição neutra. O tratamento clínico é a escolha primária e faz-se ouso de colar cervical por três meses, confinamento e corticosteróides. Excessão a este tratamento são pacientes com apresentação clínica severa ou refratários ao tratamento conservativo, nestes casos indica-se a cirurgia através de abordagem dorsal ou ventral.Objetivou-se realizar uma revisão da fisiopatogenia e dos principais tipos de tratamento para subluxação atlantoaxial, descrição das técnicas e taxas de sucesso.

The instability of the atlantoaxial joint subluxation can generate a dorsal axis in relationto the atlas. Congenital abnormalities, such as absence / hypoplasia of the odontoidprocess and ligaments, or trauma, such as fractures of the odontoid process and ruptureof the ligaments are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. The atlantoaxialsubluxation causes a spinal cord injury due to concussion and spinal cord compression.It is a common disorder among dogs of small breed, and clinical signs develop in lessthan two years old, are usually progressive and the patient has cervical hyperesthesia,ataxia, proprioceptive, and in severe cases tetraplegia. The diagnosis is lateral andventrodorsal radiographs of the neck in a neutral position. Clinical treatment is theprimary choice and makes the use of cervical collar for three months confinement andcorticosteroids. Exception to this treatment are patients with severe clinical presentationor refractory to conservative treatment in these cases surgery is indicated by dorsal orventral approach. The objective was to conduct a review of the pathophysiology and themain types of treatment for atlantoaxial subluxation, description of the techniques andsuccess rates.

Axis fracture repair with locking plate in dog

Background: Cervical fractures in dogs occur most commonly in the cranial region, mostly requiring surgery. Various types of implants are being used while fixation using plate is poorly described in the literature. The plate and screw types are a limiting factor since they can lead to loss of stability due to loosening of the screws. The use of locking plates has been advocated, which does not allow movement between the screw-plate-bone, providing extreme stability and rigidity to the system. This study describes the use of locking bone plate to stabilize axis fracture in a dog and the results obtained with this technique. Case: A 9-month-old male Poodle presented due to a history of trauma to the cervical spine caused by a fall of an object. Upon physical examination, the patient was alert and physiological parameters within the normal reference limits. However, neurological examination showed tetraplegia, hyperreflexia, preserved nociception and much cervical pain. There were no changes in the cranial nerves test. Cranial cervical lesion was initially suspected and the patient was rigidly fixed on a flat surface. The radiographic examination showed a fracture of the second cervical vertebra (axis) with anatomical axis deviation, and the patient was referred for surgery. After anesthesia, the dog was positioned dorsal decubitus and rigidly fixed on the operating table with the thoracic limbs pulled caudally. The surgical approach of the cranial cervical spine started through the ventral access until complete visualization of the fracture line and the caudal portion of the axis body. After perfect apposition and alignment of the bone fragments, rigid stabilization was performed using locking plate and screws. The patient had a favorable neurological recovery, and five days after the surgery, no change was observed in locomotion and postural reactions, besides the absence of neck pain. Discussion: The implant used in this study was small and displayed a good fit along the body axis. The locked system allowed the bolt head to lock in the hole of the plate, forming a bone-screw-plate unit that prevents its failure. In our case, the tip of the caudal screws protruded approximately two millimeters within the spinal canal, without any apparent effect on the outcome. In a previous study, in which plates were used for ventral fixation and stabilization of the atlantoaxial joint, the screws also protruded into the vertebral canal without causing any problems, presumably because the cervical vertebral canal is wider than the diameter of the spinal cord at this location. Failure rate of up to 44% has been reported for all the processes of atlantoaxial ventral fixation if the surgery is deemed successful when resolution of neurological signs occurs, and there is no need for further surgery. According to this, the present case can be considered successful taking into account the clinical outcome after surgery, the rapid reduction of pain, return to ambulation and the absence of neurological deficits. We conclude that the locking plate was a viable alternative to other fixation techniques for fractures involving the second cervical vertebra in small animals since it allowed relative stability of the fracture and an excellent neurological recovery of the patient.