Emergently planned exclusive hub-and-spoke system in the epicenter of the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: the experience of the largest COVID-19-free ICU hub for time-dependent diseases.

BACKGROUND: Lombardy was the epicenter in Italy of the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. To face the contagion growth, from March 8 to May 8, 2020, a regional law redesigned the hub-and-spoke system for time-dependent diseases to better allocate resources for COVID-19 patients. METHODS: We report the reorganization of the major hospital in Lombardy during COVID-19 pandemic, including the rearrangement of its ICU beds to face COVID-19 pandemic and fulfill its role as extended hub for time-dependent diseases while preserving transplant activity. To highlight the impact of the emergently planned hub-and-spoke system, all patients admitted to a COVID-19-free ICU hub for trauma, neurosurgical emergencies and stroke during the two-month period were retrospectively collected and compared to 2019 cohort. Regional data on organ procurement was retrieved. Observed-to-expected (OE) in-ICU mortality ratios were computed to test the impact of the pandemic on patients affected by time-dependent diseases. RESULTS: Dynamic changes in ICU resource allocation occurred according to local COVID-19 epidemiology/trends of patients referred for time-dependent diseases. The absolute increase of admissions for trauma, neurosurgical emergencies and stroke was roughly two-fold. Patients referred to the hub were older and characterized by more severe conditions. An increase in crude mortality was observed, though OE ratios for in-ICU mortality were not statistically different when comparing 2020 vs. 2019. An increase in local organ procurement was observed, limiting the debacle of regional transplant activity. CONCLUSIONS: We described the effects of a regional emergently planned hub-and-spoke system for time-dependent diseases settled in the epicenter of COVID-19 pandemic in Italy.

Tailored multilobar disconnective epilepsy surgery in the posterior quadrant.

OBJECTIVE: Surgical treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy originating from the posterior quadrant (PQ) of the brain often requires large multilobar resections, and disconnective techniques have been advocated to limit the risks associated with extensive tissue removal. Few previous studies have described a tailored temporoparietooccipital (TPO) disconnective approach; only small series with short postoperative follow-ups have been reported. The aim of the present study was to present a tailored approach to multilobar PQ disconnections (MPQDs) for epilepsy and to provide details about selection of patients, presurgical investigations, surgical technique, treatment safety profile, and seizure and cognitive outcome in a large, single-center series of patients with a long-term follow-up. METHODS: In this retrospective longitudinal study, the authors searched their prospectively collected database for patients who underwent MPQD for drug-resistant epilepsy in the period of 2005-2017. Tailored MPQDs were a posteriori grouped as follows: type I (classic full TPO disconnection), type II (partial TPO disconnection), type III (full temporooccipital [TO] disconnection), and type IV (partial TO disconnection), according to the disconnection plane in the occipitoparietal area. A bivariate statistical analysis was carried out to identify possible predictors of seizure outcome (Engel class I vs classes II-IV) among several presurgical, surgical, and postsurgical variables. Preoperative and postoperative cognitive profiles were also collected and evaluated. RESULTS: Forty-two consecutive patients (29 males, 24 children) met the inclusion criteria. According to the presurgical evaluation (including stereo-electroencephalography in 13 cases), 12 (28.6%), 24 (57.1%), 2 (4.8%), and 4 (9.5%) patients received a type I, II, III, or IV MPQD, respectively. After a mean follow-up of 80.6 months, 76.2% patients were in Engel class I at last contact; at 6 months and 2 and 5 years postoperatively, Engel class I was recorded in 80.9%, 74.5%, and 73.5% of cases, respectively. Factors significantly associated with seizure freedom were the occipital pattern of seizure semiology and the absence of bilateral interictal epileptiform abnormalities at the EEG (p = 0.02). Severe complications occurred in 4.8% of the patients. The available neuropsychological data revealed postsurgical improvement in verbal domains, whereas nonunivocal outcomes were recorded in the other functions. CONCLUSIONS: The presented data indicate that the use of careful anatomo-electro-clinical criteria in the presurgical evaluation allows for customizing the extent of surgical disconnections in PQ epilepsies, with excellent results on seizures and an acceptable safety profile.

Drainage of pleural effusion in mechanically ventilated patients: time to measure chest wall compliance?

PURPOSE: Pleural effusion (PE) is commonly encountered in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients and is generally addressed with evacuation or by fluid displacement using increased airway pressure (P(AW)). However, except when massive or infected, clear evidence is lacking to guide its management. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of recruitment maneuvers and drainage of unilateral PE on respiratory mechanics, gas exchange, and lung volume. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen critically ill and mechanically ventilated patients with unilateral PE were enrolled. A 3-step protocol (baseline, recruitment, and effusion drainage) was applied to patients with more than 400 mL of PE, as estimated by chest ultrasound. Predefined subgroup analysis compared patients with normal vs reduced chest wall compliance (C(CW)). Esophageal and P(AW)s, respiratory system, lung and C(CW)s, arterial blood gases, and end-expiratory lung volumes were recorded. RESULTS: In the whole case mix, neither recruitment nor drainage improved gas exchange, lung volume, or tidal mechanics. When C(CW) was normal, recruitment improved lung compliance (81.9 [64.8-104.1] vs 103.7 [91.5-111.7] mL/cm H2O, P < .05), whereas drainage had no significant effect on total respiratory system mechanics or gas exchange, although it measurably increased lung volume (1717 vs 2150 mL, P < .05). In the setting of reduced C(CW), however, recruitment had no significant effect on total respiratory system mechanics or gas exchange, whereas pleural drainage improved respiratory system and C(CW)s as well as lung volume (42.7 [38.9-50.0] vs 47.0 [43.8-63.3], P < .05 and 97.4 [89.3-97.9] vs 126.7 [92.3-153.8] mL/cm H2O, P < .05 and 1580 vs 1750 mL, P < .05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Drainage of a moderate-sized effusion should not be routinely performed in unselected population of critically ill patients. We suggest that measurement of C(CW) may help in the decision-making process.

Pulse and systolic pressure variation assessment in partially assisted ventilatory support.

OBJECTIVE: The use of pulse pressure variation (PPV) and systolic pressure variation (SPV) is possible during controlled ventilation (MV). Even in acute respiratory failure, controlled MV tends to be replaced by assisted ventilatory support. We tested if PPV and SPV during flow triggered synchronized intermittent mechanical ventilation (SIMV) could be as accurate as in controlled MV. METHODS: Prospective case-controlled study. Thirty patients who met criteria of weaning from controlled MV. Twenty minutes pressure support ventilation with 3 min(-1) flow triggered SIMV breathes (10 ml kg(-1)) T1, then three consecutive breaths in controlled MV (respiratory rate 12 min(-1),10 ml kg(-1)) T2. PPV and SPV were measured in T1 and T2. Correlation and Bland-Altman analysis were used to compare respective values of PPV and SPV in the two modes of ventilation. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between dynamic indices in SIMV during pressure support ventilation and those in controlled MV mode. The mean differences between two measurements were: PPV 0.6+/-2.8% (limit of agreement: -5.0 and 6.2), SPV 0.5+/-2.3 mmHg (limit of agreement: -4.0 and 5.1). CONCLUSIONS: PPV and SPV measured during SIMV fitted with the findings in controlled MV. Dynamic indexes could be accurately monitored in patients breathing with assisted respiratory assistance adding an imposed large enough SIMV breath.

Sedation in the critically ill ventilated patient: possible role of enteral drugs.

OBJECTIVE: Sedation by the enteral route is unusual in intensive medicine. We analysed the feasibility/efficacy of long-term enteral sedation in ventilated critically ill patients. DESIGN: Prospective interventional cohort study. SETTING: General ICU. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: Forty-two patients needing ventilation and sedation for at least 4 days. INTERVENTIONS: At admission, sedation was induced with propofol or midazolam. Enteral hydroxyzine (+/- enteral lorazepam) was added in all patients within the second day. Intravenous drugs were gradually withdrawn, trying to maintain only enteral sedation after the initial 48 h. Analgesia was provided with continuous IV fentanyl. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Sedation level was assessed evaluating, on a daily basis, patients' compliance to the invasive care and comparing observed vs planned Ramsay scores three times a day. Excluding the first 2 days of patient-stabilisation and fast titration of sedation level, 577 days with ventilatory support were analysed. In 460 days (79.7%) total enteral sedation was given. This percentage rose to 94.2% when the requested Ramsay was 2 (347 days). Daily sedation was judged as adequate in 82.8% of days of total enteral sedation. Thirty-one patients had total enteral as the exclusive route of sedation. CONCLUSIONS: After 24-48 h, enteral sedation may replace, totally/in part, IV sedation in ventilated patients. Total enteral sedation easily fits the target when a Ramsay score 2 is planned. When a deeper sedation is needed, a mixed regimen is effective and lowers IV drug dosages. No side effects were reported.