Consolidación de las metodologias activas en educación física en las escuelas de enseñanza secundaria / Consolidação das metodologias ativas em educação física nas escolas de ensino médio / Consolidation of active methodologies in physical education at secondary school

El sistema educativo español se sumó a un movimiento de reforma educativa, donde las competencias a adquirir pretenden promover el uso de estilos de enseñanza que impulsen la autonomía del alumno, la interacción entre alumnos y su participación activa en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la realidad de estos estilos de enseñanza activos, conociendo en profundidad los modelos de enseñanza que se aplican en la Educación Física. Participaron un grupo de profesores de secundaria de la Comunidad de Madrid. Se empleó metodología cualitativa. Se recurrió a la técnica de análisis de contenido, discusión en grupo, observación y entrevistas, triangulando los datos recogidos con Atlas.ti. Los resultados sugieren que, a pesar de que los docentes reconocen los beneficios de la enseñanza activa, donde se proporciona autonomía al estudiante, en sus prácticas profesionales predominan estilos de enseñanza instructiva, a través de modelos reproductivos

O sistema educativo espanhol juntou-se a um movimento de reforma educacional, em que as competências a adquirir pretendem promover a utilização dos estilos de ensino, que promovem a autonomia dos alunos, a interação entre esses e sua participação ativa nos processos de ensino. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a realidade desses estilos de ensino ativo, sabendo em profundidade quais os modelos de ensino aplicados em Educação Física. Os participantes pertenciam a um grupo de professores do ensino médio da Comunidade de Madrid. Foi utilizada uma metodologia qualitativa. Recorreu-se à técnica de análise de conteúdo, discussão em grupo, observação e entrevistas, tendo estes meios de recolha de informação sido triangulados, utilizando-se o Atlas.ti. Os resultados sugerem que, embora os professores tenham conhecimento dos benefícios dos estilos de ensino ativo, no qual é proporcionada a autonomia ao estudante, nas suas práticas profissionais predominam estilos de ensino instrutivo, através de modelos reprodutivos

Spain's educational system joined an educational reform movement based on competencies, which promotes teaching styles that encourage student's autonomy, interaction and active participation in teaching and learning processes. This study looks into the reality of these active teaching styles and intends to know the methodology applied in Physical Education in depth. Participants were a group of secondary school teachers from the Community of Madrid. Qualitative methodology was employed, as well as content analysis, focus group, observation and interviews, while triangulating data using Atlas.ti. The findings suggest that while teachers acknowledge the benefits of active teaching that provides students with autonomy, traditional, reproductive and directing teaching styles prevail in their professional practices

Genotoxicity, acute and subchronic toxicity studies in rats of a rooster comb extract rich in sodium hyaluronate.

The toxicity of a rooster comb extract (IB0004) that contains mainly sodium hyaluronate was assessed in acute and subchronic studies and in a bacterial reverse mutation assay. In a single dose acute study, male and female rats were administered 2000 mg/kg body weight (bw) of the product and observed for 14 days. No mortality was recorded, thus it was considered that the minimum lethal dose for rats by oral route was greater than 2000 mg/kg bw. A 90-day subchronic study (5, 55 and 600 mg/kg bw/day, oral gavage) with 50 male and 50 female Wistar-Hannover rats produced no significant adverse effects on food consumption, body weight, mortality, clinical biochemistry, hematology, gross pathology, and histopathology. Although some differences were observed between the treated and control animals in body weight gain (%) and some hematological parameters, these changes were generally minor in nature and, are considered to be of no toxicological significance. The no-observable-adverse-effects level was established at 600 mg/kg bw/day. There was no evidence of mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537 or in Escherichia coli WP2 uvra pkM101. In conclusion, the results from these safety studies support the safety of rooster comb extract IB0004 in food.

In vivo genotoxic evaluation of the furylethylene derivative 1-(5-bromofur-2-yl)-2-nitroethene in mouse bone marrow.

The genotoxic potential of the compound 1-(5-bromofur-2-yl)-2-nitroethene (2-ßNF) has been tested by using the in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. Its ability to induce clastogenicity or aneugenicity, through the induction of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) in the bone marrow cells has been evaluated. Treatment groups of five CD-1 male mice were administered once intraperitoneally at the doses of 10, 20, and 30mg/kg, and their bone marrows were sampled at 24 and 48h after the administration, at the first sampling time animals administered with the three doses were used, and in the second sampling time, only animals administered with the highest dose were used. All animals treated with the highest dose of the test compound (30mg/kg) showed evident clinical symptoms of toxicity such as irritation, hunched posture, slight ataxia, dyspnoea, piloerection, and palpebral ptosis. However, no marked depression of bone marrow cell proliferation was observed, and no significant increases in the frequency of MNPCE were obtained in any of the concentrations tested at any sampling times. The positive control treated-animals were administered with cyclophosphamide at the dose of 40mg/mL. The compound caused a significant increase in the number of MNPCE in all treated animals, demonstrating the sensitivity of the mouse strain used. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the compound 2-ßNF is neither clastogenic nor aneugenic in the erythrocytes from the bone marrow of treated mice at the doses tested.

The mutagenic potential of the furylethylene derivative 2-furyl-1-nitroethene in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test.

The compound 2-furyl-1-nitroethene (G-0) has been tested to determine its ability to induce clastogenic or aneugenic effects in vivo, through the induction of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) in mouse bone marrow. Groups of five CD-1 male mice were administered once intraperitoneally at a dose range of 5-20 mg/kg and bone marrow was sampled at 24 and 48 h after the treatment. G-0 was dissolved in corn oil, thus a vehicle control group received only corn oil at 10 ml/kg. The positive control group was administered with cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg). All animals dosed with the highest concentration of the test agent (20 mg/kg) showed evident clinical symptoms of toxicity. Although evidences of bone marrow toxicity were observed, no statistically significant increases in the incidence of MNPCE over the vehicle control group were observed at any sampling time with any of the assayed doses of the G-0 compound. Cyclophosphamide treatment increased the incidence of MNPCE in all treated animals, demonstrating the sensitivity of the assay conditions in which it was carried out. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the test agent G-0 is neither clastogenic nor aneugenic in the erythrocytes from the bone marrow of treated mice at the doses tested.