ABSTRACT
Background/aims: Continuous glucose monitoring is a well-tolerated and versatile tool for management of diabetes and metabolic disease. While its use appears to be feasible to monitor glycemic profiles in diabetics, there is a paucity of data in individuals with obesity and normal glucose tolerance. The aim of this study is to investigate glucose fluctuations and insulin resistance patterns in normoglycemic participants with obesity vs. without obesity and contextualize these results against leading models for obesity. Materials and methods: We designed a prospective, observational pilot study of two cohorts including 14 normoglycemic participants with obesity and 14 normoglycemic participants without obesity. Participants were monitored with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) for five consecutive days. Insulin resistance levels were measured and glucometric data were extracted from CGM for all participants. Results: Fasting serum insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly higher in the group with obesity (P < 0.05). While the group with obesity had a higher mean blood glucose (MBG), mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), and continuous overall glycemic action-1 h (CONGA-1), these differences were not significant. On univariate linear regression, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was associated with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), cohort with obesity, cohort consuming a high glycemic diet, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and fasting insulin levels. WC and fasting insulin levels remained predictors of HOMA-IR in our multivariable model. Conclusion: While there is much excitement surrounding the use of commercial CGM products in obesity management, our results suggest that fasting insulin and HOMA-IR values may be more clinically useful than CGM data alone.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The surgical management of weight regain following RYGB remains controversial. Simpler modifications such as endoscopic suturing and banding the bypass have had variable efficacy. Distalization of the bypass has resulted in a high risk of malabsorption-related complications as reported by Amor et al. (Obes Surg. 27(1):273-274, 2017); Borbély et al. (Obes Surg. 27(2):439-444, 2017); Thomopoulos et al. (Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 0(0):1, 2018); and Tran et al. (Obes Surg. 26(7):1627-1634, 2016). Conversion to a procedure such as duodenal switch (DS) or SADS with greater average weight loss would be logical but is technically challenging and is related to a high complication rate especially with the reformation of the stomach. In this video, we present the technique that we have adapted to make this complex case reproducible minimizing operative risk. METHODS: A 49-year-old female weighing 154 kg (BMI 57 kg/m2) with sleep apnea disease underwent a laparoscopic RYGB in 2009. She had an initial weight loss of 47 kg but had complete recidivism with a weight of 151 kg (BMI 56 kg/m2). Upper gastrointestinal (barium swallow study) and esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed no evidence of fistula, with a normal pouch diameter and length with stoma size of 2 cm. Blood test showed no significant micro/macronutrient deficiencies. With super morbid obesity refractory to RYGB, it was our belief that conversion to SADS was the best alternative. RESULTS: We introduced a subcostal camera trocar with Optiview and we observed epiploic adherences to the previous anastomosis. We placed an additional trocar to remove adhesions in the re-operative field. We measured the 300 cm of the small bowel proximal to the ileocecal valve. We next divided the antecolic Roux limb from the gastric remnant preserving the left gastric artery and divided the pouch proximal to the gastrojejunal anastomosis. We identified and mobilized the remnant stomach preserving the 8 lowest branches of the right gastroepiploic artery. After reaching the angle of His, we were able to separate the remnant and the pouch. The pouch was reshaped using a 42Fr bougie for guidance. A gastrostomy was made and a matching opening was created near the lesser curvature on the remnant. We then began gastrogastric anastomosis. First, the posterior layer was done and then the bougie was placed through into the remnant. The sleeve and fundic resection was done. The bougie was replaced by an oral gastric tube and the anterior layer of the anastomosis completed. This was tested with methylene blue. We next divided the duodenum postpylorus, preserving the right gastric artery. We performed and tested a hand-sewn duodeno-ileal anastomosis with a common limb length of 300 cm. There were no intra- or postoperative complications and the patient was discharged after 2 days. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that this video shows a reproducible technique for this complex anastomosis. Preservation of the distal epiploics makes the gastro-gastric anastomosis safer but requires direct dissection of the duodenum.
Subject(s)
Duodenum/surgery , Gastric Bypass , Laparoscopy , Obesity, Morbid/surgery , Abdominal Wall/surgery , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Weight LossABSTRACT
The majority of bariatric surgical stapling procedure concepts were developed prior to the understanding of obesity as an energy storage disease. Conventional treatments did not consider the impact of macronutrients on hormones and glucose variability. Current recommendations suggest diets low in glycemic load, with moderate protein and unsaturated fat. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass promotes glucose variability which can be harmful for health and encourage weight regain. Classic duodenal switch with short common channels may prevent absorption of measurable fat-soluble vitamins and frequently untested essential fatty acids. The purpose of this review is to discuss these factors and explain why single anastomosis duodenal switch reduces glucose variability, allows for absorption of critical fats and fat-soluble vitamins, and has potential to offer better weight loss and metabolic outcomes.
