ABSTRACT
Resumen OBJETIVO: Categorizar el perfil demográfico, bioquímico y sintomático de la población mexicana atendida en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología para describir su comportamiento en los estadios del envejecimiento reproductivo. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal y descriptivo efectuado entre junio y diciembre de 2018 en pacientes de la Clínica de peri y posmenopausia del Instituto Nacional de Perinatología. Criterios de inclusión: mujeres mayores de 41 años con diagnóstico de peri y posmenopausia, clasificadas según STRAW+10 en tres categorías: Categoría 1 (-2 a -1), Categoría 2 (+1A a +1C) y Categoría 3 (+2). Para el análisis estadístico se obtuvieron medidas de tendencia central, χ2 y ANOVA para el análisis inferencial. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 741 pacientes peri y posmenopáusicas, con edad promedio a la menopausia de 50.08 años. El promedio de edad poblacional fue de 57.11 años, con un índice de masa corporal promedio de 27.92, con 56.2% de la población en límites de obesidad. La comorbilidad más frecuente fue la hipertensión arterial y el síntoma más reportado, los bochornos, más prevalentes durante la transición a la menopausia. CONCLUSIONES: El sistema STRAW+10 es una manera clínica y objetiva de estadificar a las pacientes en transición a la menopausia. Es importante emprender más estudios poblacionales en mujeres para describir el comportamiento del envejecimiento reproductivo en México.
Abstract OBJECTIVE: Categorize the demographic, biochemical and symptomatic profile of the Mexican population served at the Instituto Nacional de Perinatología to describe their behavior in the stages of reproductive aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The following is an observational, descriptive, cross sectional study women from the Peri- and Postmenopause clinic at the National Institute of Perinatology in Mexico that enrolled 741 women over 41 years of age with a diagnosis of menopause according to the STRAW+10 criteria and classified in three categories: Category 1 (-2 to -1), Category 2 (+1A to +1C), and Category 3 (+2). The statistical analysis was performed by measure of central tendency, χ2 and ANOVA for the inferential analysis. RESULTS: In our population of 741 women, the average age at menopause was 50.08 years, while the population's age average was 57.11 years. Average body mass index was 27.92 kg/m2, with 56.2% of the population within obesity range. The most prevalent comorbidity was arterial hypertension and the most frequent symptom was hot flushes. Hot flushes were most prevalent during the transition to menopause. CONCLUSIONS: The STRAW+10 is an objective way to clinically classify patients in transition to menopause. There is an important need for more population-based studies in women to describe the reproductive ageing behavior in Mexico.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN ANTECEDENTES: El período intergenésico es importante para la planificación de embarazos subsecuentes a partos, cesáreas y abortos. Actualmente existe falta de consenso en cuanto a las definiciones e importancia clínica de la duración del periodo intergenésico; por lo que se realiza esta revisión de la literatura para definir conceptos. MÉTODO: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en Pubmed y Medline, con periodo de búsqueda del 19992017, con el propósito de identificar publicaciones de relevancia relacionadas a periodo intergenésico. RESULTADOS: Entre los artículos seleccionados, se incluyeron de tipo revisión, originales y guías de práctica clínica. Se considera periodo intergenésico aquel que se encuentra entre la fecha del último evento obstétrico y el inicio del siguiente embarazo. Se sugiere como tiempo recomendado de espera para iniciar un siguiente embarazo mínimo 18 meses (Periodo intergenésico corto, PIC) y no más de 60 meses (Periodo intergenésico largo, PIL), para reducir el riesgo de eventos adversos maternos, perinatales y neonatales. Se debe enfatizar que aunque la dehiscencia de histerorrafia es una grave complicación del PIC menor a 6 meses posterior a una cesárea, no es su única complicación. De igual manera es importante tomar en cuenta el PIL durante la evaluación obstétrica, debido a su asociación con preeclampsia. CONCLUSIONES: Es relevante conocer la terminología adecuada en período intergenésico para evitar complicaciones asociadas a PIC como a PIL. Existe necesidad de estudios clínicos sobre período intergenésico que permitan conocer más consecuencias a corto y largo plazo en nuestra población y tomar medidas para mejorar el desenlace materno-fetal.
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Interpregnancy interval is a topic of importance when planning new pregnancies after previous vaginal delivery, cesarean section or abortion. There is currently a lack of consensus in terms of definitions and the clinical importance of interpregnancy interval length, which is the reason to perform a literature review to clarify concepts. METHODS: Published papers from 1999 to 2017 from PubMed/MEDLINE were searched with the purpose of identifying those related to interpregnancy interval. Review articles, original papers, and clinical guidelines in relation to short and long interpregnancy interval were considered. RESULTS: Interpregnancy interval is defined as the period between the last obstetric event and the beginning of the next pregnancy (last menstrual period). Recommended time to initiate the next pregnancy must be at least 18 months (short interpregnancy interval, SII) and no more than 60 months (long interpregnancy interval, LII) to reduce the risk of adverse maternal, perinatal and neonatal outcomes. It is important to emphasize that even though uterine scar dehiscence is a serious complication of SII less than 6 months after a cesarean section, it is not the only complication. It is important to consider LII during obstetric evaluation, due to its association with preeclampsia. CONCLUSION: It is clinically relevant to know the correct definitions of SII and LII to avoid their complications. There is also a need for clinical trials about interpregnancy interval within our population in order to better understand the consequences of SII and LII, thus taking the necessary measures to improve maternal and fetal outcomes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Birth Intervals , Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology , Labor, Obstetric , Pregnancy Outcome , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Pectus excavatum (PE) is a chest deformity characterized by marked sternal depression. The objective of this study was to quantify the sternal curvature observed in patients diagnosed with PE using the sternal curvature angle (SCA). METHODS: A retrospective review of lateral chest X-rays of patients with PE from 2006 to 2013 was performed. The SCA was measured in a manner similar to the method of Cobb's angle is used to measure spinal curvature. SCA and Haller index were calculated from the chest X-rays for all patients. RESULTS: Lateral chest X-rays of 202 PE and 196 normal control patients were analyzed. The mean SCA ± SD of PE patients was 40.56° ± 12.88° compared to 22.02° ± 7.65° for normal patients. The difference was statistically significant with a p value of <0.0001. No significant concordance between SCA and Haller index measurements in the PE group was found (Kendall τ = -0.00015, p value = 0.9975). CONCLUSION: The difference in sternal curvature as measured by the sternal curvature angle between the pectus excavatum and normal patients was statistically significant. Our data suggest that sternal depression evident in PE patients is not a simple linear depression of the sternum but due to curvature in the sternal body.
Subject(s)
Funnel Chest/diagnosis , Radiography, Thoracic/methods , Sternum/diagnostic imaging , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Retrospective Studies , Thoracic Wall/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
Regulation of the sleep-waking cycle is complex and involves diverse brain circuits and molecules. On one hand, an interplay among many neuroanatomical and neurochemical systems including acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, histamine, and hypocretin has been shown to control the waking state. On the other hand the sleep-onset is governed by the activity of sleep-promoting neurons placed in the anterior hypothalamus that utilize GABA to inhibit wake-promoting regions. Moreover, brainstem regions inhibited during wakefulness (W) and slow wave sleeps (SWS) become active during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Further complexity has been introduced by the recognition of sleep-promoting molecules that accumulate in the brain in prolonged W as well as the physiological role of gene expression during sleep. The sleep-wake cycle is currently undergoing intense research with many new findings leading to new paradigms concerning sleep regulation, brain organization and sleep function. This review provides a broader understanding of our present knowledge in the field of sleep research.
