Geospatial mapping of 2-hour access to timely essential surgery in the Philippines.

OBJECTIVES: Timely access to safe and affordable surgery is essential for universal health coverage. To date, there are no studies evaluating 2-hour access to Bellwether procedures (caesarean section, laparotomy, open fracture management) in the Philippines. The objectives of this study were to measure the proportion of the population able to reach a Bellwether hospital within 2 hours in the Philippines and to identify areas in the country with the most surgically underserved populations. METHODS: All public hospitals with Bellwether capacities were identified from the Philippines Ministry of Health website. The service area tool in ArcGIS Pro was used to determine the population within a 2-hour drive time of a Bellwether facility. Finally, suitability modelling was conducted to identify potential future sites for a surgical facility that targets the most underserved regions in the Philippines. RESULTS: 428 Bellwether capable hospitals were identified. 85.1% of the population lived within 2 hours of one of these facilities. However, 6 regions had less than 80% of its population living within 2 hours of a Bellwether capable facility: Bicol, Eastern Visayas, Zamboanga, Autonomous region of Muslim Mindanao, Caraga and Mimaropa. Suitability analysis identified four regions-Caraga, Mimaropa, Calabarzon and Zamboanga-as ideal locations to build a new hospital with surgical capacity to improve access rates. CONCLUSION: 85.1% of the population of the Philippines are able to reach Bellwether capable hospitals within 2 hours, with regional disparities in terms of access rates. However, other factors such as weather, traffic conditions, financial access, availability of 24-hour surgical services and access to motorised vehicles should also be taken into consideration, as they also affect actual access rates.

Pre-operative erector spinae plane block should be considered a viable option for laparoscopic colectomies.

BACKGROUND: The Erector Spinae Plane (ESP) block is a recent development in the field of regional anaesthesia and has been increasingly explored for abdominal surgeries to reduce opioid use and improve pain control. Colorectal cancer is the commonest cancer in multi-ethnic Singapore and requires surgery for curative treatment. ESP is a promising alternative in colorectal surgeries, but few studies have evaluated its efficacy in such surgeries. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the use of ESP blocks in laparoscopic colorectal surgeries to establish its safety and efficacy in this field. METHODS: A prospective two-armed interventional cohort study comparing T8-T10 ESP blocks with conventional multimodal intravenous analgesia for laparoscopic colectomies was conducted in a single institution in Singapore. The decision for doing an ESP block versus conventional multimodal intravenous analgesia was made by a consensus between the attending surgeon and anesthesiologist. Outcomes measured were total intra-operative opioid consumption, post-operative pain control and patient outcome. Post-operative pain control was measured by pain score, analgesia use, and amount of opioids consumed. Patient outcome was determined by presence of ileus. RESULTS: A total of 146 patients were included, of which 30 patients received an ESP block. Overall, the ESP group had a significantly lower median opioid usage both intra-operatively and post-operatively (p = 0.031). Fewer patients required patient-controlled analgesia and rescue analgesia post-operatively for pain control (p < 0.001) amongst the ESP group. Pain scores were similar and post-operative ileus was absent in both groups. Multivariate analysis found that the ESP block had an independent effect on reducing intra-opioid consumption (p = 0.014). Multivariate analysis of post-operative opioid use and pain scores did not yield statistically significant results. CONCLUSIONS: The ESP block was an effective alternative regional anaesthesia for colorectal surgery that reduced intra-operative and post-operative opioid use while attaining satisfactory pain control.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive rates in invasive lobular breast carcinoma: The Singapore experience.

BACKGROUND: Invasive lobular carcinomas (ILC) form 5%-10% of breast cancer and rarely show overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). AIM: To describe the prevalence and prognostic factors of HER2 positive (HER2+) ILC in an Asian population. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients with ILC seen between January 1985 and March 2018 at various SingHealth medical institutions was conducted. Demographic and clinical data were collected from medical records. We examined clinicopathological characteristics and survival in relation to HER2 status. RESULTS: A total of 864 patients were included. Prevalence of HER2 positivity was 10.1% (87 patients). Compared with HER2 negative (HER2-) ILC, HER2+ ILC was associated with a higher proportion of estrogen receptor negative (24.4% vs 5.9%, P < 0.001), progesterone receptor negative (PR-) (40.2% vs 24%, P = 0.002) and grade 3 tumours (Grade 3, 29.0% vs 10.2%, P < 0.001). Overall survival rate was poorer in patients with HER2+ compared to HER2- ILC (56.7% vs 72.9% alive at 10 years; hazard ratio 1.87, 95% confidence interval: 1.21-2.90, P = 0.004). Based on multivariate analysis, negative prognostic factors for overall survival included HER2 positivity, PR negativity, older age, Indian ethnicity and higher tumour stage. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of HER2+ ILC was 10.1%. HER2+ ILC was more likely to have poorer prognostic features such as estrogen receptor negative, PR- and higher tumour grade, and have a poorer survival.

Prediction of Survival in Asian Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure: Validation of the OPTIMIZE-HF Risk Score.

BACKGROUND: Risk scores predicting in-patient mortality in heart failure patients have not been designed specifically for Asian patients. We aimed to validate and recalibrate the OPTIMIZE-HF risk model for in-hospital mortality in a multiethnic Asian population hospitalized for heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data from the Singapore Cardiac Databank Heart Failure on patients admitted for heart failure from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2013, were included. The primary outcome studied was in-hospital mortality. Two models were compared: the original OPTIMIZE-HF risk model and a modified OPTIMIZE-HF risk model (similar variables but with coefficients derived from our cohort). A total of 15,219 patients were included. The overall in-hospital mortality was 1.88% (n = 286). The original model had a C-statistic of 0.739 (95% CI 0.708-0.770) with a good match between predicted and observed mortality rates (Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic 13.8; P = .086). The modified model had a C-statistic of 0.741 (95% CI 0.709-0.773) but a significant difference between predicted and observed mortality rates (Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic 17.2; P = .029). The modified model tended to underestimate risk at the extremes (lowest and highest ends) of risk. CONCLUSIONS: We provide the first independent validation of the OPTIMIZE-HF risk score in an Asian population. This risk model has been shown to perform reliably in our Asian cohort and will potentially provide clinicians with a useful tool to identify high-risk heart failure patients for more intensive management.