Ethical implications of COVID-19 management-is freedom a desired aim, or a desired means to an end?

Most developed societies managed, due to their prosperity and resource abundance, to structure relationships among free individuals in such a way to leave them fundamentally unstructured, according to the free market principle. As the pandemic illustrated well, this lack of structure when facing collective threats makes it impossible to collectively and proportionately assess and manage its implications and consequences. This may be particularly precarious when introducing comprehensive, monitoring and tracking, surveillance systems dependent on the vaccination status of the individual. If our previously shared aims were successfully and collectively enacted with the greatest of costs, is it permissible that the degree of personal freedom is a commodity, and everyone is a compulsory participant? The need to control one's COVID-19 status allows the individual to become legally free from excessive enactment of sovereignty of the state. Should these rights be regulated by the free market?

Extracellular matrix supports healing of transected rabbit Achilles tendon.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) has been intensively used in cardio surgery. The main goal of this research was to determine if Achilles tendon healing could be promoted by applying extracellular matrix scaffold (CorMatrix®, USA). Sixteen (n = 16) New Zealand white mature rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were randomly allocated into two groups. Following complete surgical transection, rabbits in group A (ECM applied) (n = 8) had their Achilles tendons reconstructed using both, nylon suture and extracellular matrix scaffold, whereas in group B (without ECM) the tendons were reconstructed using nylon suture only. After four weeks, the rabbits were euthanized and tendon samples harvested and stained with hematoxylin eosin, Mallory, and Gomory and subsequently histologically analyzed according to modified Bonnar scale. Group B had significantly stronger inflammatory response, including abundant cell infiltration and neovascularization. In group A collagen fibers were predominantly found, whereas in group B reticular fibers were more abundant. Extracellular matrix scaffold has been found to have the real potential for promoting tendon healing through accelerating collagen formation, which is crucial for restoring biomechanical properties of a tendon, decreasing peritendineous adhesion formation, and reducing inflammatory edema and subsequently pain.

Impact of aspirin resistance on outcomes among patients following coronary artery bypass grafting: exploratory analysis from randomized controlled trial (NCT01159639).

Individual variability in the response to aspirin, has been established by various platelet function assays, however, the clinical relevance of aspirin resistance (AR) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has to be evaluated. Our working group conducted a randomized controlled trial (NCT01159639) with the aim to assess impact of dual antiplatelet therapy (APT) on outcomes among patients with AR following CABG. Patients that were aspirin resistant on fourth postoperative day (POD 4) were randomly assigned to receive either dual APT with clopidogrel (75 mg) plus aspirin (300 mg)-intervention arm or monotherapy with aspirin (300 mg)-control arm. This exploratory analysis compares clinical outcomes between aspirin resistant patients allocated to control arm and patients that have had adequate platelet inhibitory response to aspirin at POD 4. Both groups were treated with 300 mg of aspirin per day following surgery. We sought to evaluate the impact of early postoperative AR on outcomes among patients following CABG. Exploratory analysis included a total number of 325 patients. Of those, 215 patients with adequate response to aspirin and 110 patients with AR allocated to aspirin monotherapy following randomization protocol. The primary efficacy end point (MACCEs-major adverse cardiac and cardiovascular events) occurred in 10 and 6 % of patients with AR and with adequate aspirin response, respectively (p = 0.27). Non-significant differences were observed in bleeding events occurrence. Subgroup analysis of the primary end point revealed that aspirin resistant patients with BMI > 30 kg/m(2) tend to have a higher occurrence of MACCEs 18 versus 5 % (relative risk 0.44 [95 % CI 0.16-1.16]; p = 0.05). This exploratory analysis did not reveal significant impact of aspirin resistance on outcomes among patients undergoing CABG. Further, sufficiently powered studies are needed in order to evaluate clinical relevance of AR in patients undergoing CABG.

Bleeding risk assessment using whole blood impedance aggregometry and rotational thromboelastometry in patients following cardiac surgery.

Excessive bleeding after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is risk factor for adverse outcomes after elective cardiac surgery (ECS). Differentiating between patients who bleed due to surgical issues and those whose excessive chest tube output (CTO) is due to coagulopathy, remains challenging. Bedside suitable tests to identify hemostatic disturbances and predict excessive bleeding are desirable. The study sought to evaluate prediction of excessive bleeding after ECS using two bedside suitable devices for platelet function and viscoelastic blood clot properties assessment. We enrolled 148 patients (105 male and 43 female) undergoing ECS in a prospective observational study. Patients were characterized as bleeders if their 24 h CTO exceeded the 75th percentile of distribution. Multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA, with ASPI, ADP and the TRAP test) and rotational thromboelastometry (TEM, with ExTEM, HepTEM and FibTEM test), were performed at three time points: preoperatively (T1), during CPB (T2), and after protamine administration (T3). The primary endpoint was CTO and the secondary endpoint was administration of blood products, 30-day and 1 year mortality. The best predictors of increased bleeding tendency were the tests performed after protamine administration (T3). At T3, patients characterized as bleeders had significantly lower MEA ASPI (median, 14 vs. 27 AUC, p = 0.004) and ADP test values (median, 22 vs. 41 AUC, p = 0.002) as well as TEM values expressed in maximum clot firmness after 30 min (MCF 30) for ExTEM (53 vs. 56 mm, p = 0.005), HepTEM (48 vs. 52 mm, p = 0.003) and FibTEM (8 vs. 11 mm, p < 0.001) test. 24 h CTO inversely correlated with both the MEA (ASPI test: r = -0.236, p = 0.004; ADP test: r = -0.299, p < 0.001), and TEM MCF 30 (ExTEM: r = -0.295, p < 0.001; HepTEM: -0.329, p < 0.001; FibTEM: -0.377, p < 0.001) test values. Our study showed that MEA and TEM are useful methods for prediction of excessive bleeding after ECS. In order to prevent excessive postoperative CTO, hemostatic interventions with timely and targeted blood component therapy according to MEA and TEM results should be considered.

[Video-assisted extirpation of breast fibroadenoma with immediate bilateral breast augmentation--a case report]. / Videoasistirana ekstirpacija fibroadenoma dojke s neposrednim obostranim povecanjem dojki--prikaz bolesnice.

BACKGROUND: Since mid 1990s video-assisted breast surgery (VABS) has been developed in the treatment of benign and malignant breast diseases. According to studies that are conducted mainly in Japan, this tehnique is safe, easy to learn and his main advantage is excellent cosmetic results on postoperative appearance of breasts that cannot be achived with standard surgical procedures. OBJECTIVE: To present a first case of video assisted breast surgery in Croatia applied to treatment of breast fibroadenoma and immediate bilateral breast augmentation. CASE REPORT: A 39 year old female patient was admitted to our hospital for elective procedure of breast augmentation. On this occasion video assisted extirpation of fibroadenoma was performed through inframammary incision and followed by immediate bilateral breast augmentation. CONCLUSION: VABS is feasible, cosmetic effects are evident and the VABS deserves attention as a possible surgical option in breast surgery. However further experience on this field must be gained and it remains to evaluate this tehnique on the additional studies.

[Endoscopically assisted lipectomy]. / Endoskopski asistirana sukcija lipoma.

The aim of the study was to compare lipectomy and endoscopically assisted lipectomy. In a group of 32 patients with cytologically verified lipoma, 16 patients underwent classic lipectomy and endoscopically assisted lipectomy each. At 12-month follow up, there was no difference in the number of lipoma recurrences between the two techniques. Endoscopically assisted lipectomy proved to be a safe method with excellent cosmetic result and shorter recovery period for patients at the same risk of recurrent lipomas.

[Surgical and radiotherapy in treatment of postauricular keloids--case report]. / Kirurska i iradijacijska terapija u lijecenju postaurikularnih keloida.

Treatment of keloid remains a great challenge for clinicians, in spite of numerous therapeutic regimens reported in the literature to date. Earlobe or postauricular regions are predominant locations for postoperative keloids due to the treatment of lop ears. There are several treatments that include intralesional steroid injections, surgical excision, cryotherapy, laser therapy, radiotherapy and pharmacotherapy. A case is presented with fourth recurrence of keloids after surgical treatment of lop ears with final satisfactory outcome after combined therapy that included surgical excision, skin flap transposition and radiotherapy. It is concluded that interdisciplinary approach that includes a combination of surgery and radiotherapy results in a satisfactory outcome of keloid treatment.

Clinical presentation of a patient with localized acquired cutis laxa of abdomen: a case report.

Background. Cutis laxa (CL) is a rare disorder of elastic tissue characterized by loose, sagging skin with reduced elasticity, and resilience without resulting scarring. CL may be inherited as a dominant, recessive, or X-linked recessive disease, or acquired. The heritable forms of CL predominantly begin at birth, but it may be delayed until puberty or age of 30 years with extracutaneous manifestations including pulmonary emphysema, umbilical and inguinal hernias, and gastrointestinal and vesicourinary tract diverticuli. An acquired form of the disease occurs in adults with no evidence of internal organ involvement. Objective. The aim of this case report was to present our patient suffering from CL, and to evaluate clinical presentation, diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties in this rare condition. Case Report. A 30-year-old female patient was admitted to our Hospital due to localized loose and sagging skin of abdomen, induced by prior cesarean section 6 years ago. CL has been diagnosed based on the clinical picture and pathohistological appearance. Conclusion. Reconstructive surgery provides a dramatic cosmetic improvement with significant psychosocial benefit. Repeated surgical procedures may be required to correct the lax skin, which worsens with age.

[Importance of medical treatment in second echelon during war in Croatia, example--war surgical hospital in Garesnica]. / Znacenje bolnica II. Esalona u sanitetskom zbrinjavanju u domovinskom ratu na primjeru ratne kirurske bolnice u garesnici.

At beginning of 1991, the increasing necessity of emergency surgical treatment of wounded persons in Croatia led to the formation of mobile surgical teams. However, this system was abandoned due to many problems and echelon health division was formed. One of the war surgical hospitals (second echelon) was the War Surgical Hospital Garesnica. In this study, materials of the Croatian War Veterans Ministry, Ministry of Defense, Garesnica War Surgical Hospital and Garesnica Defense Office archive were used. We analyzed the number and localization of wounds, and describe the organization, work and results of the War Surgical Hospital in Garesnica. During the work of the War Surgical Hospital in Garesnica, 909 surgical examinations were performed, 521 wounded were surgically treated (45% civilians and 55% soldiers), 331 wounded were operated on, 5 lethal outcomes were recorded, 68% of wounds were localized on the extremities, 19% on the thorax and abdomen, and 13% on the head end neck. In this article the organization and work of the War Surgical Hospital in Garesnica is described, which had a major role in providing emergency medical care to people wounded in west Slavonia.