Breathing Exercises in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Systematic Review.

The pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is multifactorial. The severity of abnormal reflux burden corresponds to the dysfunction of the antireflux barrier and inability to clear refluxate. The crural diaphragm is one of the main components of the esophagogastric junction and plays an important role in preventing gastroesophageal reflux. The diaphragm, as a skeletal muscle, is partially under voluntary control and its dysfunction can be improved via breathing exercises. Thus, diaphragmatic breathing training (DBT) has the potential to alleviate symptoms in selected patients with GERD. High-resolution esophageal manometry (HRM) is a useful method for the assessment of antireflux barrier function and can therefore elucidate the mechanisms responsible for gastroesophageal reflux. We hypothesize that HRM can help define patient phenotypes that may benefit most from DBT, and that HRM can even help in the management of respiratory physiotherapy in patients with GERD. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the current data supporting physiotherapeutic practices in the treatment of GERD and to illustrate how HRM may guide treatment strategies focused on respiratory physiotherapy.

Characterization of esophageal motor activity, gastroesophageal reflux, and evaluation of prokinetic effectiveness in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a high-resolution impedance manometry study.

BACKGROUND: Motility disorders of upper gastrointestinal tract are common in critical illness and associated with significant clinical consequences. However, detailed quantitative and qualitative analyses of esophageal motor functions are lacking. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the key features of esophageal motility functions using high-resolution impedance manometry (HRIM) and to evaluate an objective link between esophageal motor patterns, gastric emptying, and gastroesophageal reflux. We also studied the prokinetic effects of metoclopramide. METHODS: We prospectively performed HRIM for 16 critically ill hemodynamically stable patients. Patients were included if they had low gastric volume (LGV; < 100 mL/24 h, n = 8) or high gastric volume (HGV; > 500 mL/24 h, n = 8). The HRIM data were collected for 5 h with intravenous metoclopramide administration (10 mg) after the first 2 h. RESULTS: The findings were grossly abnormal for all critically ill patients. The esophageal contraction vigor was markedly increased, indicating prevailing hypercontractile esophagus. Ineffective propulsive force was observed for 73% of esophageal activities. Panesophageal pressurization was the most common pressurization pattern (64%). Gastroesophageal reflux predominantly occurred with transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. The common features of the LGV group were a hyperreactive pattern, esophagogastric outflow obstruction, and frequent reflux. Ineffective motility with reduced lower esophageal sphincter tone, and paradoxically fewer reflux episodes, was common in the HGV group. Metoclopramide administration reduced the number of esophageal activities but did not affect the number of reflux episodes in either group. CONCLUSION: All critically ill patients had major esophageal motility abnormalities, and motility patterns varied according to gastric emptying status. Well-preserved gastric emptying and maintained esophagogastric barrier functions did not eliminate reflux. Metoclopramide failed to reduce the number of reflux episodes regardless of gastric emptying status. Trial registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN14399966. Registered 3.9.2020, retrospectively registered. https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN14399966 .

Esophageal Motility Patterns After Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy in Patients With Achalasia.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Several studies have reported partial recovery of peristalsis in patients with achalasia after myotomy. The aim of our study is to analyze esophageal motility patterns after peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) and to assess the potential predictors and clinical impact of peristaltic recovery. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of consecutive patients with achalasia undergoing POEM at a tertiary center. High-resolution manometry (HRM) studies prior to and after POEM were reviewed and the Chicago classification was applied. RESULTS: A total of 237 patients were analyzed. The initial HRM diagnoses were achalasia type I, 42 (17.7%); type II, 173 (73.0%); and type III, 22 (9.3%). Before POEM, peristaltic fragments were present in 23 (9.7%) patients. After POEM the Chicago classification diagnoses were: 112 absent contractility, 42 type I achalasia, 15 type II, 11 type III, 26 ineffective esophageal motility, 18 esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction, 10 fragmented peristalsis, and 3 distal esophageal spasm. Altogether 68 patients (28.7%) had signs of contractile activity, but the contractions newly appeared in 47 patients (47/214, 22.0%). Type II achalasia showed a trend for appearance of contractions (P = 0.097). Logistic regression analysis did not identify any predictors of peristaltic recovery. The post-POEM Eckardt score did not differ between patients with and without contractions nor did the parameters of timed barium esophagogram. CONCLUSIONS: More than 20% of achalasia patients have signs of partial recovery of esophageal peristalsis after POEM. It occurs predominantly in type II achalasia but the clinical relevance seems to be negligible.

Diagnosis of gastrointestinal motility disorders.

Gastrointestinal motility and the effects on luminal contents that are brought about by it can be studied in several ways. In clinical practice, manometry remains one of the most important investigational techniques, in particular for oesophageal and anorectal disorders. Radiographic examination of bolus transit through the gastrointestinal tract also continues to be a valuable tool. Scintigraphy still is the standard for assessment of gastric emptying, but 13C breath tests are an alternative. Many other techniques are used mainly in the context of scientific research but some of these may become incorporated in the diagnostic armamentarium. Key words: breath tests - conventional manometry - high-resolution manometry - radiodiagnostic methods - scintigraphy.

Erratum to: Per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM): mid-term efficacy and safety.

The Given Names and Family Names were all inadvertently inverted. The correct order is: Jan Martinek, Hana Svecova, Zuzana Vackova, Radek Dolezel, Ondrej Ngo, Jana Krajciova, Eva Kieslichova, Radim Janousek, Alexander Pazdro, Tomas Harustiak, Lucie Zdrhova, Pavla Loudova, Petr Stirand, Julius Spicak. The original article was corrected.

Per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM): mid-term efficacy and safety.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is becoming a standard treatment for achalasia. Long-term efficacy and the rate of post-POEM reflux should be further investigated. The main aim of this study was to analyze safety and mid-term (12 and 24 months) clinical outcomes of POEM. METHODS: Data on single tertiary center procedures were collected prospectively. The primary outcome was treatment success defined as an Eckardt score < 3 at 12 and 24 months. A total of 155 consecutive patients with achalasia underwent POEM; 133 patients were included into the analysis (22 patients will be analyzed separately as part of a multicenter randomized clinical trial). RESULTS: POEM was successfully completed in 132 (99.2%) patients, and the mean length of the procedure was 69.8 min (range 31-136). One patient underwent a drainage for pleural effusion; no other serious adverse events occurred. Treatment success at 3, 12, and 24 months was observed in 95.5% (CI 89.6-98.1), 93.4% (86.5-96.8), and 84.0% (71.4-91.4) of patients, respectively. A total of 11 patients (8.3%) reported initial treatment failure (n = 5) or later recurrence (n = 6). The majority of relapses occurred in patients with achalasia type I (16.7 vs. 1.1% achalasia type II vs. 0% achalasia type III; p<0.05). At 12 months, post-POEM reflux symptoms were present in 29.7% of patients. At 3 months, mild reflux esophagitis was diagnosed in 37.6% of patients, and pathological gastroesophageal reflux was detected in 41.5% of patients. A total of 37.8% of patients had been treated with a proton pump inhibitor. CONCLUSION: POEM resulted in greater than 90% treatment success at 12 months which tends to decrease to 84% after 2 years. More than one-third of the patients had mild reflux symptoms and/or mild esophagitis.

[Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: analysis of practice at the endoscopic center of tertiary medical care]. / Perkutánní endoskopická gastrostomie: analýza praxe v endoskopickém centru terciární lékarské péce.

INTRODUCTION: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a minimally invasive routine procedure used to provide long-term enteral nutrition in selected patients with impaired oral intake. The knowledge of clinical, technical and safety features of PEG is an important issue in clinical practice.The aim of this study was to evaluate the popu-lation of patients selected for PEG insertion, describe certain aspects of the insertion procedure, assess the service life of PEG, as well as account for the number of complications and patient mortality in the six-month period following the procedure. METHODS: We used a retrospective analysis of data from medical database. The data were collected in a single endoscopic tertiary-referral center for a period of seven and a half years. RESULTS: We evaluated 326 PEG insertions performed on 292 patients with a median age of 63 years (IQR 55-70). Mortality in the six-month period following PEG insertion was 26 %. Prevailing indications for PEG insertion were oncological (53 %) and neurological (40 %) diseases, with certain fluctuation of these numbers during the observed period according to changing demands of the two medical specialties. Local anesthesia alone was applied in 56 % of patients, 38 % underwent analgosedation and 6 % required general anesthesia. Median duration of the procedure (from insertion of endoscope to its final extraction) in 68 consecutive procedures was 6 minutes (IQR 5-8). Median interval between PEG introduction and its first replacement in 21 patients was 22 months (IQR 14-31, range 4-76). 61 patients underwent PEG extraction during the observed period, 66 % of whom had oncological disease. Periprocedural complications were seen in 5.8 % of patients, of these one patient (0.3 %) suffered a serious complication. The buried bumper syndrome was observed in four patients (1.2 %), all of whom had neurological disease. CONCLUSIONS: PEG is a relatively safe procedure and can be performed in a short time using local anesthesia or analgosedation in a majority of patients. The population of patients indicated for PEG insertion reflects primarily the current needs of neurological and oncological departments. Most patients within the observed group benefit from PEG insertion for more than six months. KEY WORDS: analgosedation - complications - mortality - percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.