Percutaneous tracheostomy: comparison of Ciaglia and Griggs techniques.

BACKGROUND: Although the standard tracheostomy described in 1909 by Jackson has been extensively used in critical patients, a more simple procedure that can be performed at the bedside is needed. Since 1957 several different types of percutaneous tracheostomy technique have been described. The purpose of the present study was to compare two bedside percutaneous tracheostomy techniques: percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) and the guidewire dilating forceps (GWDF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study in two medical/surgical intensive care units (ICUs) was carried out. Sixty-three critically ill patients who required endotracheal intubation for longer than 15 days were consecutively selected to undergo PDT (25 patients) or GWDF (38 patients) technique. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded. RESULTS: Age (mean +/- standard error) was 63 +/- 1.1 years. The patients had been mechanically ventilated for an average of 19.8 +/- 1.2 days. The GWDF technique was significantly faster than PDT technique (P = 0.02). Fifteen complications occurred in 10 out of 63 (15%) patients. They were as follows: tracheal tear (one patient in each group; in one case this was due to false passage); transient hypotension (one patient in the PDT group and two patients in the GWDF group); atelectasis (one patient in the PDT group); and haemorrhage (one patient in the PDT group and three patients in the GWDF group). In both patients with tracheal tear, reduced arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) with concomitant subcutaneous emphysema ensued. CONCLUSION: We found no statistical differences between complications with both techniques. The surgical time required for the GWDF technique was less than that for PDT.

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Prevalencia de litiasis vesicular en una poblacion uruguaya / Prevalence of gallbladder lithiasis in a Uruguayan population

Con el objetivo de conocer la prevalencia de L.V. en Uruguay, la proporción de sintomáticos y asintomáticos y su asociación a determinados factores de riesgo, se realizaron ecografías a 693 funcionarios del Hospital de Clínicas de Montevideo que concurrieron voluntariamente, previo llenado de un formulario. La prevalencia encontrada fue de 10,4%, de acuerdo al tamaño de la nuestra, extrapolable a la población general con una confianza del 99%. 65% de los portadores de L.V. fueron asintomáticos. Se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa con los siguientes factores: grupo etáreo de 31 a 50 años, obesidad leve y AP de tener hijos en caso de mujeres portadoras de la enfermedad. No fue estadísticamente significativo, pero si se comprobó una clara tendencia con los siguientes factores: sexo femenino y AF de madre portadora de L.V. Al considerar todos estos factores en conjunto, la probabilidad de tener una L.V. llegó al 19%. Se discuten los resultados y se comparan con los de publicaciones extranjeras. Se concluye que podía esbozarse un perfil del uruguayo con mayores posibilidades de tener una L.V.: mujer, entre 31 y 50 años, obesa, con hijos y cuya madre tuvo o tiene la misma enfermedad

Prevalencia de litiasis vesicular en una poblacion uruguaya / Prevalence of gallbladder lithiasis in a Uruguayan population

Con el objetivo de conocer la prevalencia de L.V. en Uruguay, la proporción de sintomáticos y asintomáticos y su asociación a determinados factores de riesgo, se realizaron ecografías a 693 funcionarios del Hospital de Clínicas de Montevideo que concurrieron voluntariamente, previo llenado de un formulario. La prevalencia encontrada fue de 10,4%, de acuerdo al tamaño de la nuestra, extrapolable a la población general con una confianza del 99%. 65% de los portadores de L.V. fueron asintomáticos. Se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa con los siguientes factores: grupo etáreo de 31 a 50 años, obesidad leve y AP de tener hijos en caso de mujeres portadoras de la enfermedad. No fue estadísticamente significativo, pero si se comprobó una clara tendencia con los siguientes factores: sexo femenino y AF de madre portadora de L.V. Al considerar todos estos factores en conjunto, la probabilidad de tener una L.V. llegó al 19%. Se discuten los resultados y se comparan con los de publicaciones extranjeras. Se concluye que podía esbozarse un perfil del uruguayo con mayores posibilidades de tener una L.V.: mujer, entre 31 y 50 años, obesa, con hijos y cuya madre tuvo o tiene la misma enfermedad (AU)

[Prevalence of gallbladder lithiasis in a Uruguayan population]. / Prevalencia de litiasis vesicular en una población uruguaya.

Ultrasound examinations were carried out in 693 volunteers from the health care personnel of the Hospital de Clinicas of Montevideo, with the aim of studying the prevalence of gallbladder gallstones in Uruguay, the proportion of symptomatic and asymptomatic people and its association to some definite risk factors. The prevalence found was 10.4%, which, according to the sample's size, is representative of the general population with a confidence of 99%. Sixty five per cent of gallstones carriers were asymptomatic. A statistically significant association with the following factors was found: people between 31 and 50 years old, slight obesity, and, for women, to have children. A marked tendency with the following factors was found, though it was not statistically significant: female sex, and a familiar history of mother carrying gallstones. Considering all these factors as a whole, the probability of having gallstones reached 19%. Results are discussed and compared with those of foreign publications. It is concluded that uruguayan people with more possibilities of having gallstones are: women between 31 and 50 years old, obese, with children, and whose mother has or had the same disease.

Prevalencia de litiasis vesicular en una población uruguaya. / [Prevalence of gallbladder lithiasis in a Uruguayan population]

Ultrasound examinations were carried out in 693 volunteers from the health care personnel of the Hospital de Clinicas of Montevideo, with the aim of studying the prevalence of gallbladder gallstones in Uruguay, the proportion of symptomatic and asymptomatic people and its association to some definite risk factors. The prevalence found was 10.4

, which, according to the samples size, is representative of the general population with a confidence of 99

. Sixty five per cent of gallstones carriers were asymptomatic. A statistically significant association with the following factors was found: people between 31 and 50 years old, slight obesity, and, for women, to have children. A marked tendency with the following factors was found, though it was not statistically significant: female sex, and a familiar history of mother carrying gallstones. Considering all these factors as a whole, the probability of having gallstones reached 19

. Results are discussed and compared with those of foreign publications. It is concluded that uruguayan people with more possibilities of having gallstones are: women between 31 and 50 years old, obese, with children, and whose mother has or had the same disease.

Prevalencia de litiasis vesicular en una población uruguaya. / [Prevalence of gallbladder lithiasis in a Uruguayan population]

Ultrasound examinations were carried out in 693 volunteers from the health care personnel of the Hospital de Clinicas of Montevideo, with the aim of studying the prevalence of gallbladder gallstones in Uruguay, the proportion of symptomatic and asymptomatic people and its association to some definite risk factors. The prevalence found was 10.4

, which, according to the samples size, is representative of the general population with a confidence of 99

. Sixty five per cent of gallstones carriers were asymptomatic. A statistically significant association with the following factors was found: people between 31 and 50 years old, slight obesity, and, for women, to have children. A marked tendency with the following factors was found, though it was not statistically significant: female sex, and a familiar history of mother carrying gallstones. Considering all these factors as a whole, the probability of having gallstones reached 19

. Results are discussed and compared with those of foreign publications. It is concluded that uruguayan people with more possibilities of having gallstones are: women between 31 and 50 years old, obese, with children, and whose mother has or had the same disease.

HLA y cirrosis: la importancia de los antígenos de histocompatibilidad en el desarrollo de una cirrosis alcohólica / HLA and cirrhosis: the importance of HLA antigens in the course of alcoholic cirrhosis

Se presenta una investigación tendiente a aclarar la posible existencia de una relación entre la estructura antígena HLA de un individuo y la eventualidad de que éste desarrolle o no una cirrosis al ingerir alcohol en forma crónica. A estos efectos se integró un equipo multidisciplinario conformado por clínicos, genetistas, psiquiatras y patólogos, integrantes de 4 Cátedras de la Facultad de Medicina. Se diseño un trabajo prospectivo de investigación que se desarrolló en el transcurso de los años 1982 a 1984. Se estudiaron 47 alcoholistas portadores de una Cirrosis Portal, 19 alcoholistas No Cirróticos y 250 testigos sanos. Los cirróticos fueron biopsiados para confirmar histopatológicamente la enfermedad y los alcoholistas no cirróticos fueron biopsiados para confirmar que no la tuvieran. En todos los grupos se determinaron los antígenos de histocompatibilidad indicados en la Tabla I. Se efectuaron los cálculos estadísticos que incluyeron X con corrección de Yates, probabilidad corregida, y el cálculo del riesgo relativo (R.R), (este último especificado en la Tabla II). En el grupo de alcoholistas cirróticos, se comprobó una asociación positiva con el HLA Bw40, con un valor estadístico muy significativo: Pc<0,005; RR=3,93. (Tabla IV). No se comprobó predominancia de este antígeno en los etilistas no cirróticos (Tabla V). Se concluye que la presencia del HLA Bw40 aumenta casi 4 veces el riesgo de desarrollar una cirrosis en los pacientes que ingieren alcohol en forma crónica. Su presencia no influye estadísticamente en nuestra serie en el riesgo de que un individuo se convierta en alcoholista. Esta investigación, de comprobarse en series mayores, que este equipo de trabajo está desarrollando, permitirá en el futuro determinar criterios de prevención de la cirrosis alcohólica (AU)

HLA y cirrosis: la importancia de los antígenos de histocompatibilidad en el desarrollo de una cirrosis alcohólica / HLA and cirrhosis: the importance of HLA antigens in the course of alcoholic cirrhosis

Se presenta una investigación tendiente a aclarar la posible existencia de una relación entre la estructura antígena HLA de un individuo y la eventualidad de que éste desarrolle o no una cirrosis al ingerir alcohol en forma crónica. A estos efectos se integró un equipo multidisciplinario conformado por clínicos, genetistas, psiquiatras y patólogos, integrantes de 4 Cátedras de la Facultad de Medicina. Se diseño un trabajo prospectivo de investigación que se desarrolló en el transcurso de los años 1982 a 1984. Se estudiaron 47 alcoholistas portadores de una Cirrosis Portal, 19 alcoholistas No Cirróticos y 250 testigos sanos. Los cirróticos fueron biopsiados para confirmar histopatológicamente la enfermedad y los alcoholistas no cirróticos fueron biopsiados para confirmar que no la tuvieran. En todos los grupos se determinaron los antígenos de histocompatibilidad indicados en la Tabla I. Se efectuaron los cálculos estadísticos que incluyeron X con corrección de Yates, probabilidad corregida, y el cálculo del riesgo relativo (R.R), (este último especificado en la Tabla II). En el grupo de alcoholistas cirróticos, se comprobó una asociación positiva con el HLA Bw40, con un valor estadístico muy significativo: Pc<0,005; RR=3,93. (Tabla IV). No se comprobó predominancia de este antígeno en los etilistas no cirróticos (Tabla V). Se concluye que la presencia del HLA Bw40 aumenta casi 4 veces el riesgo de desarrollar una cirrosis en los pacientes que ingieren alcohol en forma crónica. Su presencia no influye estadísticamente en nuestra serie en el riesgo de que un individuo se convierta en alcoholista. Esta investigación, de comprobarse en series mayores, que este equipo de trabajo está desarrollando, permitirá en el futuro determinar criterios de prevención de la cirrosis alcohólica

[The importance of HLA antigens in alcoholic cirrhosis]. / HLA y cirrosis. La importancia de los antígenos de histocompatibilidad en el desarrollo de una cirrosis alcoholica.

The existence of a relationship between HLA and the possibility of the development of an alcoholic cirrhosis is researched in this paper. This work was done from 1982 to 1984, by the staff of four clinics of the Medicine School of the University of Uruguay. We studied 47 alcoholics with portal cirrhosis, 19 non-cirrhotic alcoholics and 250 healthy nonalcoholic controls. We confirmed with liver biopsy the cirrhosis in the first group and in the second, liver biopsy was performed in order to assure that they had no cirrhosis. Table I shows the histocompatibility antigens which were tested in the 3 groups. Levels of significance were obtained from exact Fisher test with Yates correction for discontinuity; Pc (corrected P) and RR (relative risk) were also determined. In the alcoholics with portal cirrhosis, the HLABW40 showed a Pc less than 0,005 (RR = 3,93). In the non-cirrhotic alcoholics no significative association was found. We conclude that the carrier of the genetic marker HLABW40, has almost 4 times more chances to develop a cirrhosis as consequence of chronic alcoholic abuse. The presence of this marker, in our patients, has no association with the possibility that an individual becomes an alcoholic abuser. We think that if this data are confirmed in a wider study, some guidelines for the prevention of alcoholic cirrhosis may be established.

HLA y cirrosis. La importancia de los antígenos de histocompatibilidad en el desarrollo de una cirrosis alcoholica. / [The importance of HLA antigens in alcoholic cirrhosis]

The existence of a relationship between HLA and the possibility of the development of an alcoholic cirrhosis is researched in this paper. This work was done from 1982 to 1984, by the staff of four clinics of the Medicine School of the University of Uruguay. We studied 47 alcoholics with portal cirrhosis, 19 non-cirrhotic alcoholics and 250 healthy nonalcoholic controls. We confirmed with liver biopsy the cirrhosis in the first group and in the second, liver biopsy was performed in order to assure that they had no cirrhosis. Table I shows the histocompatibility antigens which were tested in the 3 groups. Levels of significance were obtained from exact Fisher test with Yates correction for discontinuity; Pc (corrected P) and RR (relative risk) were also determined. In the alcoholics with portal cirrhosis, the HLABW40 showed a Pc less than 0,005 (RR = 3,93). In the non-cirrhotic alcoholics no significative association was found. We conclude that the carrier of the genetic marker HLABW40, has almost 4 times more chances to develop a cirrhosis as consequence of chronic alcoholic abuse. The presence of this marker, in our patients, has no association with the possibility that an individual becomes an alcoholic abuser. We think that if this data are confirmed in a wider study, some guidelines for the prevention of alcoholic cirrhosis may be established.