Efficacy of diclazuril and toltrazuril in the prevention of coccidiosis in dairy calves under field conditions.

A blinded, controlled, randomised field study was undertaken on two commercial dairy farms in Germany to compare the efficacy of the anticoccidials, diclazuril and toltrazuril in the prevention of bovine coccidiosis. A total of 86 calves aged between five and six weeks were randomly allocated to two treatment and one untreated control groups. Calves were monitored for 78 days post-treatment by clinical observation, bodyweight gain, faecal oocyst counts (FOCs) and coccidia species differentiation. Strategic treatments had no significant effect on bodyweight gains (P>0.05). Whilst the number of diarrhoea days was similar for all three groups from days 1 to 41, there was a significant difference in the number and percentage of diarrhoea days from day 42 with the diclazuril-treated group showing only one diarrhoea day compared with 9 days (P=0.0195) and 18 days (P=0.0027) for the control and toltrazuril-treated groups, respectively. FOCs in control calves fluctuated throughout the period of study indicating continued coccidia challenge. FOCs in the diclazuril-treated calves declined to low levels post-treatment, increasing to occasional counts >500 oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG) between days 27 and 42, but thereafter remained low. Calves treated with toltrazuril also showed low FOCs until day 40 but then showed several peaks of oocyst output >500 OPG coinciding with days of diarrhoea.

Bioactive amides from Glycosmis species.

Besides the known imide ritigalin (9), six new phenethyl/styrylamine-derived amides isolated from lipophilic leaf extracts of Glycosmis cf. mauritiana, Glycosmis cf. cyanocarpa, and Glycosmis crassifolia displayed pronounced antifungal and/or insecticidal activity against Cladosporium herbarum and Spodoptera littoralis, respectively, the methylthiocarbonic acid derivatives niranin (1), dehydroniranin A (2), and dehydroniranin B (3) as well as the isovaleric and senecioic acid derivatives thalebanin B (4), dehydrothalebanin B (5), and dehydrothalebanin A (6).

[Corrective dynamic shoe fitting of the functional clubfoot in patients with infantile cerebral palsy]. / Die redressierende, dynamische Schuhversorgung des funktionellen Klumpfusses bei Patienten mit infantiler Zerebralparese.

Providing CP Patients with functional clubfoot with orthopaedic shoe modifications has not a good evaluation in the literature. An own concept of fitting this kind of spastic foot deformity is demonstrated. It is based on stabilizing shoe modifications combined with spasticity inhibiting posture of the foot in the shoe. The results based on a follow-up examination of nearly five years can be considered positive.

[Smoking and infections, tumors of the ENT area]. / Rauchen und Infektionen, Geschwülste im HNO-Gebiet.

Smoking disturbs health and causes inflammations und tumors in the upper respiratory tract. Passive smoking is also dangerous, especially for children of smoking parents. Health is incompatible with smoking.

Otosclerosis and mucopolysaccharidosis.

By means of a literature review, clinical observations and temporal bone histopathology in the Hunter syndrome, we could show a reason for otosclerosis in childhood, a very rare observation. Therefore we do not believe that the presence of otosclerotic foci in temporal bones is mere coincidence in MPS II. It seems there is a causal connection between the generalized metabolic disorder and otosclerosis on the basis of enzyme deficiency.

[Acanthosis nigricans in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx]. / Acanthosis nigricans bei Plattenepithelcarcinom des Larynx.

Acanthosis nigricans maligna represents a true paraneoplastic syndrome being most frequently associated with adenocarcinoma of the stomach. We present the second case of the world literature of malignant acanthosis nigricans due to an early invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vocal cord.

[Hyalinosis cutis et mucosae--Urbach-Whiete syndrome. Review and case report]. / Hyalinosis cutis et mucosae--das Urbach-Whiete-Syndrom. Eine Ubersicht und Fallvorstellung.

We present the Urbach-Whiete-Syndrome as a rare cause of hoarseness in children. As such patients often present initially to the E.N.T. surgeon, we should like to draw attention to this autosomal recessive condition. Only symptomatic treatment is possible, and genetic counselling should be considered. The diagnosis of the disease should be as prompt as possible.

[Origin of acquired middle ear cholesteatoma]. / Zur Entstehung des erworbenen Mittelohrcholesteatoms.

The acquired cholesteatoma of the middle ear develops from shifted ectodermal epithelium. The transposition takes place in a typical way by ingrowth from canal wall or tympanic membrane lining similar to wound healing. A precondition is a perforative chronic otitis media. In our terminology, an atypical shift of epithelium is a retraction pocket over poorly aerated parts of the tympanum. The matrix, activated by supporting connective tissue, follows the same tissue kinetic principles as the epidermis. In case of cholesteatoma we have a discrepancy of vertical (keratinisation) and horizontal (migration) regeneration, creating a keratin-cystlike structure. The cells of Langerhans, which control epidermal growth and type of keratinisation, seem to play an important role. Their density is low in stressregions of the epidermis and in the active matrix of the cholesteatoma.

[Tubotympanic catarrh in childhood. Diagnosis and therapy]. / Der Tubenmittelohrkatarrh im Kindesalter - Diagnose und Therapie.

Tubotympanic catarrh (otitis media with effusion) is a long-known disease. Today it has become a "fashionable disease", but is extremely important as the most frequent cause of hearing loss in children. The key to the disease is functional disability of the auditory tube. Therapeutic pitfalls and a significant lack of compliance on the part of the patient have definitely led to an increase in otitis media with effusion. We are sure that better diagnostic facilities for the detection of hearing loss in children has made the "silent syndrome" more prevalent. Therapy must aim to cure tubal dysfunction as soon as possible to enable clearance of the middle ear secretion and ventilation of the tympanon, in order to avoid the feared complications of adhesive otitis and atypical cholesteatoma. Prophylaxis is better than cure.

[Meningoencephalocele as the cause of rhinogenic liquorrhea]. / Meningoenzephalozele als Ursachen einer rhinogenen Liquorrhö.

The article reports on a male patient of 72 years of age suffering from rhinoliquorrhoea caused by meningoencephalocele. This disease pattern is in itself very rare, but in the case presented here it assumes a highly unique character by the concomitant clinical picture, namely, a combination with mucocele of the frontal sinus and by the case history (rhinoliquorrhoea without trauma and without meningitis).

Auditory tube and middle ear mucosa in nonpurulent otitis media.

Most functional disturbances within the auditory tube can be shown and documented morphologically. In the case of a blocked tube we demonstrated changes on the tubal lining as well as in the adjacent salivary glands. Complete obliteration of the lumen is a very rare instance. A lack of ventilation already produces a vacuum within the tympanic cleft, followed by a typical effusion out of the altered mucosa. Anaerobic conditions favor hypertransformation and metaplastic transformation of the epithelium. The missing clearance makes the middle ear discharge a great challenge to the mucosa. Granulation tissue proliferates, an enzyme production starts, phagocytes help to eliminate the tympanic content. If the auditory tube is blocked long enough, the result is the atelectatic tympanum, filled by scar tissue, granulations with fatty degeneration or dystrophic calcification. The ossicular chain is fixed, if not destroyed or interrupted. A retraction pocket within the eardrum membrane, often a reason for secondary acquired cholesteatoma, is very dangerous.

[The Cogan syndrome]. / Zum Cogan-Syndrom.

Cogan's Syndrom is the clinical entity of non syphilitic interstitial keratitis with vestibuloauditory symptoms. Although the disease is not rate the pathohistological findings in temporal bones are only reported twice. Our communication deals with observations made on a temporal bone out of O. Mayer's collection. The most striking findings are: the endolymphatic hydrops, the degeneration of the organ of Corti, the pathology of the ductus reuniens, the fibrosis within the cisterna perilymphatica, the destruction of the maculae and the most uncommon ossification within the scala vestibuli of the basal turn. The vessels seem to show signs of angitis.

[Adhesive process and cholesteatoma in the sequel of tubal disfunction (author's transl)]. / Adhäsivprozess und Cholesteatom als Folge gestörter Tubenfunktion.

By means of histological studies we could show: 1. Malfunction of the auditory tube is a reason for the development of the adhesive process and the retraction pocket. 2. The retraction pocket is the precursor of cholesteatoma, because of best conditions for the epithelial ingrowth. 3. Granulation tissue within the tympanic cleft is nutritive basis for the socalled matrix and allows the growth of the cholesteatoma. 4. We may have shown, that a cholesteatoma can develop inspite of an intact membrane, first of all if the pars fibrosa is lacking. 5. The cholesteatoma pushes inwards the distended tympanic membrane of the remnants of it. Resisting structures as the enwrapped long process of incus, the malleus or the tensor tendon allow the neck formation of the cholesteatoma. So the way is shown, which leads from serotubotympanitic catarrh and otitis media adhaesiva to adhesive process and cholesteatoma. The starting point is a tubal malfunction.