Tracing genetic connections of ancient Hungarians to the 6th-14th century populations of the Volga-Ural region.

Most of the early Hungarian tribes originated from the Volga-Kama and South-Ural regions, where they were composed of a mixed population based on historical, philological and archaeological data. We present here the uniparental genetic makeup of the mediaeval era of these regions that served as a melting pot for ethnic groups with different linguistic and historical backgrounds. Representing diverse cultural contexts, the new genetic data originate from ancient proto-Ob-Ugric people from Western Siberia (6th-13th century), the pre-Conquest period and subsisting Hungarians from the Volga-Ural region (6th-14th century) and their neighbours. By examining the eastern archaeology traits of Hungarian prehistory, we also study their genetic composition and origin in an interdisciplinary framework. We analyzed 110 deep-sequenced mitogenomes and 42 Y-chromosome haplotypes from 18 archaeological sites in Russia. The results support the studied groups' genetic relationships regardless of geographical distances, suggesting large-scale mobility. We detected long-lasting genetic connections between the sites representing the Kushnarenkovo and Chiyalik cultures and the Carpathian Basin Hungarians and confirmed the Uralic transmission of several East Eurasian uniparental lineages in their gene pool. Based on phylogenetics, we demonstrate and model the connections and splits of the studied Volga-Ural and conqueror groups. Early Hungarians and their alliances conquered the Carpathian Basin around 890 AD. Re-analysis of the Hungarian conquerors' maternal gene pool reveals numerous surviving maternal relationships in both sexes; therefore, we conclude that men and women came to the Carpathian Basin together, and although they were subsequently genetically fused into the local population, certain eastern lineages survived for centuries.

Early medieval genetic data from Ural region evaluated in the light of archaeological evidence of ancient Hungarians.

The ancient Hungarians originated from the Ural region of Russia, and migrated through the Middle-Volga region and the Eastern European steppe into the Carpathian Basin during the ninth century AD. Their Homeland was probably in the southern Trans-Ural region, where the Kushnarenkovo culture was disseminated. In the Cis-Ural region Lomovatovo and Nevolino cultures are archaeologically related to ancient Hungarians. In this study we describe maternal and paternal lineages of 36 individuals from these regions and nine Hungarian Conquest period individuals from today's Hungary, as well as shallow shotgun genome data from the Trans-Uralic Uyelgi cemetery. We point out the genetic continuity between the three chronological horizons of Uyelgi cemetery, which was a burial place of a rather endogamous population. Using phylogenetic and population genetic analyses we demonstrate the genetic connection between Trans-, Cis-Ural and the Carpathian Basin on various levels. The analyses of this new Uralic dataset fill a gap of population genetic research of Eurasia, and reshape the conclusions previously drawn from tenth to eleventh century ancient mitogenomes and Y-chromosomes from Hungary.

Endovascular Coiling of Ruptured Very Small Dissecting Fusiform Aneurysm of Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery with Parent Artery Preservation by Microcatheter Auto-Assistance.

BACKGROUND: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to ruptured small dissecting fusiform aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) is rare and particularly challenging. Different treatment strategies have been reported in these rare cases. We report 2 patients treated with a novel endovascular approach. CASE DESCRIPTION: Two patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to very small (3 mm and 4 mm) ruptured fusiform aneurysms of the proximal section of the PICA trunk. Both patients were treated by coil embolization combined with parent artery preservation by microcatheter auto-assistance. Both coiling procedures were uneventful, and the patients remained asymptomatic. Long-term follow-up angiography in both patients showed complete occlusion of aneurysms with patency of PICA. CONCLUSIONS: There is no single treatment strategy suitable for all PICA aneurysms. Our proposed method may be best applied to small dissecting fusiform aneurysms located on a small (≤1 mm in diameter) PICA distally to its origin.