ABSTRACT
Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent all over the world and dietary intakes of vitamin D are very low in China. In this study we aimed to determine whether vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Chinese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients aged over 50 y. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations were measured in a cross-sectional sample of 270 T2DM patients aged over 50 y from Zhejiang. Data on demographic characteristics, anthropometry and other variables were collected. The mean of serum 25(OH)D was 22.93 ng/mL, and percentages of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were 43.71% and 39.63%, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly lower in subjects with MetS than in those without MetS (21.74 vs 24.96 ng/mL, p=0.001), and the prevalence of MetS significantly increased according to tertiles of serum 25(OH)D concentrations. After adjusting for multivariate factors, the adverse effect of lower serum 25(OH)D concentrations was significant (OR: 3.26, 95% CI: 1.03-7.34; p=0.044) in the group with BMI≥24 kg/m2 while the change in OR of MetS for each 10 ng/mL decrease in the serum 25(OH)D concentrations was 2.03 (95% CI: 1.10-3.79). These results suggest that serum 25(OH)D deficiency may be a risk factor of MetS among Chinese type 2 diabetic patients, especially in the T2DM with BMI≥24 kg/m2. The challenge is determining the mechanisms of vitamin D action for recommendation of vitamin D supplementation that reduces the risks of MetS and progression to T2DM.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Vitamin D Deficiency/blood , Aged , Asian People , Biomarkers/blood , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Body Mass Index , C-Reactive Protein/metabolism , China/epidemiology , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Female , Humans , Insulin/blood , Male , Metabolic Syndrome/blood , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Triglycerides/blood , Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives , Vitamin D/blood , Vitamin D Deficiency/complications , Waist CircumferenceABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To identify the sources of infection and the mode of transmission of a malaria case with unknown origin. METHODS: Clinical data of the case were collected and the epidemiological investigation was conducted. The blood samples of the patient and the suspected infection source (blood donor) were detected by microscopy, rapid diagnostic test strip (RDT) and nested PCR. RESULTS: The patient did not visited malaria endemic areas. After a blood transfusion, the patient had chills and fever, and was confirmed as falciparum malaria by microscopy with bone marrow and peripheral blood smears and RDT. The blood donor was a worker returned from Africa. Before blood donation she was sick like malaria carrier, and took anti-malarial drug. She was then confirmed as falciparum malaria by RDT and microscopy. The blood samples from the patient and the blood donor were diagnosed as falciparum malaria by nested PCR, and the similarity of the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) sequence was 100%, showing they were mix-infected with K1 and MAD20 genotypes of Plasmodium falciparum. CONCLUSION: This patient is confirmed P. falciparum infection via blood transfusion from a donor who returned from Africa.
Subject(s)
Malaria, Falciparum/diagnosis , Plasmodium falciparum/isolation & purification , Antimalarials/therapeutic use , Female , Humans , Malaria , Malaria, Falciparum/drug therapy , Malaria, Falciparum/transmission , Microscopy , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Transfusion ReactionABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To identify the pathogen and make diagnosis on a case who was misdiagnosed as malaria. METHODS: Clinical and epidemiological information of the suspected case was collected. Blood samples during hospitalization were collected and examined microscopically. Genomic DNA from the blood samples was amplified by Babesia 18S RNA genus- and species- specific primers, respectively, and the amplified products were used in sequencing and BLAST sequence analysis. RESULTS: The case had a fever over 20 days repeatedly with anaemia (RBC 2.59 x 10(12), HB 5.5 g/L) and hepatosplenomegaly. The unidentified parasites were found in the bone marrow and blood smear after Giemsa staining. Epidemiological information revealed that this case had a history of blood transfusion and tick bites. 1 625 bp and 449 bp band generated by PCR amplification from blood sample using Babesia genus- and species-specific primers, and the sequence homology was 99% in comparison to Babesia microti (AB241632) with BLAST analysis. CONCLUSION: The clinical information, epidemiological history, and the PCR identification confirm the diagnosis of Babesia microti infection.
