Sex-Related Mortality After Burns: A Scoping Review in the Sadc-Region.

Findings on mortality by sex after burns in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are contradictory and, where differences have been described, the reasons are often based on speculation and not on the analysis of factors that could have affected the outcome, such as patient or injury characteristics or provided care. Since the paucity of studies on burns from single LMICs is notorious, merging data from neighboring countries with similar socio-economic backgrounds might provide a larger dataset, contributing to identifying recurrent causes. This scoping review aimed therefore to analyze differences in mortality after burns between the sexes, as well as to identify aspects that could explain possible differences, in countries belonging to the South African Development Community (SADC) region. Studies in English published between 2010 and 2020 were identified according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines by searching PubMed and/or Medline, Clinical Trials and Cochrane Library, and using the screening tool "Covidence". The 13 included studies could not consistently show association between sex and mortality after burns, but contradictory findings. In the case of differences in outcome between the sexes, explanations were mainly based on speculation (e.g., hormonal differences, self-harm intention), while rarely burn specific factors were reported and included in the analysis of the mortality risk. This study indicates the need for prospective burn specific data collection in LMICs that would contribute to identifying factors associated with death.

Les résultats concernant la mortalité par sexe après brûlures dans les pays en développement (PED) sont contradictoires et, en cas de différence, les raisons sont souvent spéculatives et non basées sur l'analyse de facteurs qui auraient pu affecter le résultat, tels que les caractéristiques du patient ou de la brûlure ou les soins fournis. Étant donné la rareté des études sur les brûlures dans les PED, la fusion des données de pays voisins ayant un contexte socio-économique similaire pourrait fournir une base de données plus large contribuant à l'identification des causes récurrentes. Cette revue de cadrage visait donc à analyser les différences de mortalité après brûlures entre les sexes, ainsi qu'à identifier les aspects qui pourraient expliquer d'éventuelles différences, dans les pays appartenant à la région de la Communauté de développement de l'Afrique australe (SADC). Les études en anglais publiées entre 2010 et 2020 ont été identifiées selon les Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis en effectuant des recherches dans PubMed et/ou Medline, Clinical Trials et Cochrane Library, et en utilisant l'outil de sélection "Covidence". Les 13 études incluses n'ont pas pu montrer de manière cohérente l'association entre le sexe et la mortalité après brûlures, mais des résultats contradictoires. Dans le cas des différences de résultats entre les sexes, les explications étaient principalement spéculatives (par exemple, différences hormonales, intention d'automutilation), tandis que les facteurs spécifiques aux brûlures étaient rarement rapportés et inclus dans l'analyse du risque de mortalité. Cette étude indique la nécessité d'une collecte prospective de données spécifiques aux brûlures dans les PED qui contribuerait à identifier les facteurs associés à la mortalité.

Mitochondrial DNA cleavage patterns distinguish independent origin of Chinese domestic geese and Western domestic geese.

It has generally been assumed, based on morphology, that Chinese domestic goose breeds were derived from the swan goose (Anser cygnoides) and that European and American breeds were derived from the graylag goose (Anser anser). To test the validity of this assumption, we investigated the mtDNA cleavage patterns of 16 Chinese breeds and 2 European breeds as well as hybrids produced between a Chinese breed and a European breed. After 224 mtDNAs, isolated from the Chinese and European breeds, were digested by 19 restriction endonucleases, variations of the cleavage patterns were observed for four enzymes (EcoRV, HaeII, HincII, and KpnI). All Chinese breeds and their maternal hybrids except the Yili breed showed an identical haplotype, named haplotype I or the Chinese haplotype; the European breeds and the Yili breed showed another haplotype, named haplotype II or the western haplotype. None of the haplotype found in the Chinese type was detectable in the western type and vice versa. The two haplotypes were found to differ from each other at 8.0% of the sites surveyed and with a 0.72% sequence divergence. Using 2% substitution per million years calibrated from the genera Anser and Branta, the two domestic geese haplotypes were estimated to have diverged approximately 360,000 years ago, well outside the 3000-6000 years in domestic history. Our findings provide the first molecular genetic evidence to support the dual origin assumption of domestic geese in the world. Meanwhile, the four mtDNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms can be used as maternal genetic markers to distinguish the two types of domestic geese.

Origin of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in China: evidence from mitochondrial DNA control region sequence analysis.

A fragment of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (approximately 700 bp) was sequenced in 104 individuals from 20 breeds (three Chinese domestic breeds, five recently derived breeds and 12 introduced breeds) of domestic rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus. Nineteen sites were polymorphic, with 18 transitions and one insertion/deletion, and eight haplotypes (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7 and A8) were identified. Haplotype A1 was the most common and occurred in 89 individuals. In the 25 Chinese rabbits, only haplotype A1 was observed, while four haplotypes (A1, A3, A5 and A6) were found in 26 recently derived individuals. Haplotype A2 was shared by seven individuals among three introduced strains. The other six haplotypes accounted for 0.96-1.92% of the animals. Combined with the published sequences of European rabbits, a reduced median-joining network was constructed. The Chinese rabbit mtDNAs were scattered into two clusters of European rabbits. These results suggest that the (so-called) Chinese rabbits were introduced from Europe. Genetic diversity in Chinese rabbits was very low.

[Origin and differentiation of domestic goose breeds in China, inferred from mitochondrial DNA polymorphism].

Mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) of 138 samples from 11 domestic goose breeds in China were investigated by digesting, with 19 restriction endonucleases. Of 19 enzymes used, seven (Bcl I, Dra I, Eco RV, Hae II, Hinc II, Kpn I, Sac I) detected polymorphic patterns. By combining 27 restriction morphs, 138 individuals were classified into 6 mtDNA haplotypes. Phylogenetic tree was constructed by using UPGMA. There was no shared haplotype between Yili breed and the other 10 breeds. Genetic distance and UPGMA tree also suggested that Yili breed and other breeds came from different ancestors. Yili breed originated from Anser anser and other 10 breeds originated from Anser cygnoides. Restriction morphs digested with 4 enzymes (EcoRV, Hae II, Hinc II and Kpn I) could be used as maternal genetic markers to distinguish the two types of domestic geese. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism was observed in the ten breeds of Anser cygnoides. Nucleotide diversity (pi), genetic distance between the two types and the average genetic distance among the ten breeds were estimated to be 0.025%, 0.266%, 0.029%, respectively. The breeds with white plume were affected by founder effect when they were formed. Swan domestic geese, Anser cygnoides domesticus, in China might come from two different populations of Anser cygnoides at two different places.