[Community Characteristics of ANAMMOX Bacteria in Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland (SSFCW) for Processing of Aquaculture Waster Water].

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) is one of the important functions in waste water treatment by subsurface flow constructed wetland (SSFCW), however, there are few studies on ANAMMOX in SSFCW environment at present. The community characteristics of ANAMMOX in the SSFCW of processing aquaculture waste water were explored in this study. In order to analyze the structure, diversity and abundance of ANAMMOX bacteria, several 16S rRNA clone libraries were constructed and real-time PCR targeting specific 16S rRNA genes together with diversity analysis was adopted. The obtained results showed that the SSFCW identified a total of three unknown clusters and two known clusters including Candidatus brocadia and Candidatus kuenenia. The dominant cluster was Candidatus brocadia. The highest diversity levels of ANAMMOX bacteria occurred in autumn (H', 1.21), while the lowest in spring (H', 0.64). The abundance of ANAMMOX bacteria in SSFCW environment ranged from 8.0 x 10(4) to 9.4 x 10(6) copies x g(-1) of fresh weight and the copy number of total bacterial 16S rRNA genes ranged from 7.3 x 10(9) to 9.1 x 10(10) copies x g(-1) of fresh weight during culture cycle. There were significant differences in the ANAMMOX bacteria abundances of different stratum and seasons in SSFCW environment, but the differences in total bacterial abundances were not obvious. In addition, the differences in ANAMMOX bacteria abundances in different stratum and seasons in SSFCW environment were irregular in different culture cycle. According to the distribution characteristics of ANAMMOX bacteria in the wetland, the denitrification effect of SSFCW could be improved by changing the supplying manners of aquaculture wastewater and adjusting the structure of wetland. The research results will provide reference for further optimizing the SSFCW and improving the efficiency of purification.

Baeckeins F-I, four novel C-methylated biflavonoids from the roots of Baeckea frutescens and their anti-inflammatory activities.

Baeckea frutescens is an aromatic shrub used in South China as an ornamental and as a spice. Four unusual C-methylated biflavonoids named baeckeins F-I (1-4) were isolated from the roots of B. frutescens. The baeckeins F-I possessed a unique carbon skeleton, a flavonol conjugated with a coumaronochromone molecule via the unusual linkages of C-2-C-8 and C-3-O-C-7. Their structures were elucidated by analysis of the 1D ((1)H/(13)C) and 2D NMR (HSQC/HMBC/NOESY) and HR-ESI-MS spectroscopic data, and the absolute stereochemistry for chiral carbons of C-2 and C-3 was established by CD spectrometry combined with quantum chemical calculations. Baeckeins F-I (1-4) were also evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities by detecting the NO production of LPS-induced RAW264.7 murine macrophage cell line; baeckein I (4) with the ß-d-glucose unit and configuration of (2R,3R) exhibited the highest NO inhibitory activity (IC50=15.2 µM), which was similar to that of the positive control indomethacin.

[Study on the chemical constituents from the roots of Ligularia dentata in Henan].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents from the roots of Ligularia dentata in Henna. METHODS: Chemical constituents from the roots of Ligularia dentata in Henan were isolated and purified by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and solvent crystallization and their structures were identified by spectral methods. RESULTS: Four eremophilane-type sesquiterpenoids were obtained and determined as 3-oxo-8alpha-hydroxy-10alphaH-eremophilan-1,7-dien-8, 12beta-olide(1), 3-oxo-eremophil-1, 7-dien-8, 12beta-olide (2),3-oxo-8alpha-ethoxy-10alphaH-eremophil-1,7-dien-8,12-olide(3) and furanoligularenone(4). CONCLUSION: Compound 1-4 are isolated from this plant for the first time and their contents in the roots are high by HPLC analysis except for compound 3. Compound 3 is hardly detected in the fresh EtOH extract and might be derived from other compounds during the extraction.