Treatment of cyanide-bearing wastewater by the N263-TBP synergistic extraction system.

In this study, a trioctylmethylammonium chloride (N263)- tributyl phosphate (TBP)-n-octanol-sulfonated kerosene (N263-T) synergistic extraction system and an N263-n-octanol-sulfonated kerosene (N263-O) system were used to treat cyanide (CN)-bearing wastewater. The extraction saturation capacity of the two systems was measured. The influences of the initial pH and phase ratio (O/A) of the two systems on extraction were compared and analyzed. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and slope methods were used to analyze the characteristic functional groups in the loaded organic phase, the compositions of the extracted compounds in the extraction reactions and the reaction mechanism. The results indicated that the saturated extraction capacity of the N263-T system, which was much larger than that of the N263-O system, for metal CN complex ions was 4354.31 mg/L. In addition, the N263-T system operated over a wider pH range. The extraction rates of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) ions at pH 14 were 97.4%, 99.1%, and 87.2%, respectively. There was a strong compatibilization effect of TBP on the extraction system. The extraction efficiency of the N263-T system for metal CN complex ions was higher than that of the N263-O system when O/A = 0.4. The saturated loaded N263-T and N263-O systems were stripped by 1 mol/L NaOH +2 mol/L NaSCN solution at O/A = 3. The metal ion concentration in the stripping solution could be enriched to 11996.6 and 8913.3 mg/L for the N263-T and N263-O systems, respectively. During the extraction process, the binding ratios of N263 cations to Cu(CN)32-, Zn(CN)42-, and Fe(CN)63- were 2:1, 2:1, and 3:1, respectively. The binding ratios of TBP to Cu(CN)32-, Zn(CN)42-, and Fe(CN)63- in wastewater were 3:1, 4:1, and 6:1, respectively. The PO group in TBP was linked to the CN group of the metal CN complex ion by hydrogen bonds using the water molecule as a bridge to form a supramolecular anion group, which entered into the organic phase and combined with the N263 cation under the action of ion association.

Manufacturing of AcMNPV baculovirus vectors to enable gene therapy trials.

Over the past two decades, baculoviruses have become workhorse research tools for transient transgene expression. Although they have not yet been used directly as a gene therapy vector in the clinical setting, numerous preclinical studies have suggested the highly promising potential of baculovirus as a delivery vector for a variety of therapeutic applications including vaccination, tissue engineering, and cancer treatment. As such, there is growing interest in using baculoviruses as human gene therapy vectors, which has led to advances in baculovirus bioprocessing methods. This review provides an overview of the current approaches for scaled-up amplification, concentration, purification, and formulation of AcMNPV baculoviruses, and highlights the key regulatory requirements that must be met before gene therapy clinical trials can be initiated.