ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The main aim of the study was to assess the relationship between leptin, ghrelin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) blood levels and gastric motility in children with obesity compared to healthy children. Secondary aims were to assess the possible association between these hormones and obesity, reflux impedance parameters, reflux symptoms, other GI disorders, and quality-of-life scores within the same groups. METHODS: Children with obesity plus GERD symptoms and 2 control groups of children with obesity without GERD and healthy lean children aged 4-17 years underwent an auxological evaluation, an assessment of gastro-intestinal symptoms and quality of life, hormonal dosages, and an evaluation of gastric emptying time (GET) through 13C-octanoic acid breath test. RESULTS: No significant association was found between hormones and gastric motility. Leptin and ghrelin levels were significantly associated with obesity parameters. No significant differences were found between GET and hormones of the patients with obesity, either with or without GERD. CONCLUSION: Although we found an association between auxological parameters and both leptin and ghrelin levels, this association did not imply an effect on the upper GI motility. Therefore, our hypothesis that alterations of these hormones in children with obesity could affect gastric emptying, triggering GERD, was not supported by our data.
Subject(s)
Esophageal pH Monitoring , Gastric Emptying/physiology , Ghrelin/blood , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/blood , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/analysis , Leptin/blood , Obesity , Quality of Life , Child , Correlation of Data , Esophageal pH Monitoring/methods , Esophageal pH Monitoring/statistics & numerical data , Female , Gastroesophageal Reflux/diagnosis , Gastroesophageal Reflux/etiology , Gastrointestinal Diseases/diagnosis , Gastrointestinal Diseases/etiology , Humans , Male , Obesity/blood , Obesity/diagnosis , Obesity/physiopathology , Obesity/psychologyABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Two crucial aspects of obesity prevention are early childhood and school-based interventions. The main purpose of this systematic review wass to evaluate the efficacy and the feasibility of school-based interventions performed in primary schools. METHODS: All pertinent data from the literature have been critically examined and reviewed to evaluate the efficacy and the feasibility of different strategies of interventions. In particular, many studies have been performed in school-aged children. RESULTS: Data from literature suggest that educational interventions toward healthy eating habits and physical activity at school could be a key strategy in the prevention of obesity, because it has been shown that is difficult to treat obesity in adults through changes in the lifestyle rather than during childhood. Recent advances in technology, especially web-based interventions, have been used to provide a specific content addressing healthy lifestyle with regard diet and exercise. These data suggest the opportunity to use web-interactive programs as a new challenging technique of communication in order to promote healthy behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: The early detection and treatment of obesity in children may be the best approach to prevent future increases in morbidity, as well as healthcare costs that will likely occur as overweight and obese children age.
