ABSTRACT
A new vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis was investigated in 56 healthy volunteers randomized for five different doses of antigen in a comparative group trial. Good tolerability and high immunogenicity were found using three different antibody test systems. The dose response study revealed that there was a strong relationship between the amount of antigen administered and the antibody response over the range of 0.03-3.0 micrograms antigen per dose.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis , Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology , Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/prevention & control , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Adult , Animals , Chick Embryo , Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neutralization Tests , Random Allocation , Vaccines, Inactivated/adverse effects , Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology , Viral Vaccines/adverse effectsABSTRACT
In a placebo-controlled pilot trial no paraspecific effects of influenza vaccination were evident. An activation of unspecific immune defence in the sense of "biological immune response modifiers" is discussed in literature as a possible positive side effect of the vaccination. According to the authors the trial shows the progress achieved in the production of vaccines, which is the better tolerance of the vaccine.
Subject(s)
Influenza Vaccines/immunology , Adult , Antibodies, Viral/analysis , Blood Bactericidal Activity , Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests , Humans , Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/analysis , Influenza A virus/immunology , Influenza B virus/immunology , Leukocyte Count , Lymphocytes , Middle Aged , Phagocytosis , Saliva/immunology , T-Lymphocytes , T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer , T-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryABSTRACT
The acetylchline analogue acetylpyrrolidinecholine as well as the choline analogue pyrrolidinecholine were synthesized and the cholinergic properties of both substances were investigated on the guinea-pig ileum, rat blood pressure and frog rectus abdominis muscle. Acetylpyrrolidinecholine was 3-5 times less potent than acetylcholine on the three preparations tested. The dose-response curves to acetylpyrrolidinecholine were shifted to the right in a parallel manner by atropine and (+)-tubocurarine. The dissociation constants for atropine and (+)-tubocurarine obtained with acetylpyrrolidinecholine as agonist were not different from those obtained with acetylcholine. This indicates that acetylpyrrolidinecholine specifically stimulates muscarine and nicotine receptors. Eserine potentiated the effects of acetylcholine more than those of acetylpyrrolidinecholine. Pyrrolidinecholine was only a weak agonist on the guinea-pig ileum. It caused a rise of rat blood pressure in doses higher than 10 mumol per rat. Neuromuscular transmission of the phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation of the rat was not impaired during a 150 min incubation period with 1 mM pyrrolidinecholine. It is suggested that the possible formation and release of acetylpyrrolidinecholine as a false cholinergic transmitter does not modify neuromuscular transmission in skeletal muscle.
