ABSTRACT
A temperament is described as a temporally stable dimension, biologically determined. Several temperaments have been described (hyperthymic, depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious) and could represent premorbid characteristics of an affective disorder. Some temperaments could thus correspond to chronic sub-affective states expressed as attenuated forms of mood disorder. Several studies suggest that a large proportion of bipolar patients have a hyperthymic or cyclothymic temperament. Moreover, temperaments seem to influence the clinical caracteristics of bipolar disorders. Future investigations will evaluate whether temperaments represent a predisposing factor, an attenuated form of bipolar disorders or a distinct entity.
Subject(s)
Bipolar Disorder/classification , Bipolar Disorder/psychology , Temperament , HumansABSTRACT
The nomifensine antidepressant activity, tolerance and rapidity of action have been studied by 95 psychiatrists in 498 patients during a 4 week open treatment. A 12 items evaluation scale allowed the estimation of the efficacy of the drug in depressed patients distributed to 4 classes of diagnosis: reactional, neurotic, endogenous and other type of depression. Side effects and rapidity of action of the treatment have been recorded during the whole treatment. Nomifensine's antidepressant activity was already observed after one week of treatment: the global scores were significantly diminished at this time in the 4 types of depressive patients. Items such as loss of interest, depressive mood and idea of suicide have been strongly ameliorated and have put in evidence the therapeutic profile and the security of use of this drug The significant and rapid decrease of severity of the symptoms as well as the excellent tolerance of the drug support the psychiatrists' judgement of satisfaction and confirm nomifensine as a major antidepressant, well tolerated and with a rapid onset of action.
Subject(s)
Depressive Disorder/drug therapy , Isoquinolines/therapeutic use , Nomifensine/therapeutic use , Adult , Aged , Clinical Trials as Topic , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Psychiatric Status Rating ScalesABSTRACT
Experiments were performed in order to study a possible participation of gastrointestinal factors in the insulinotrophic action of glibenclamide in man. Six healthy volunteers received 5 mg glibenclamide in 50 ml saline orally. Biopsies were taken from the duodenal mucosa before and after administration of the drug. The duodenal insulin-releasing activity (DIRA) was assayed in the extracts of the biopsy material by using an in situ pancreas preparation of rat. The corresponding drug, IRI and glucose levels were measured in peripheral blood. The values of IRI correlated with both the prior elevation of DIRA and the increasing levels of the drug in the blood. These data indicate that glibenclamide might stimulate the release of gut factor(s) which, in turn, could possibly sensitize the pancrease response to the drug.
Subject(s)
Gastrointestinal Hormones/metabolism , Glyburide/pharmacology , Insulin/metabolism , Adult , Animals , Duodenum , Humans , Insulin Secretion , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Male , RatsABSTRACT
The effect of different food substrates on production by the duodenal mucosa of factors acting on the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas was studied in the rat in vivo. Intragastric loads of glucose, maltose, arginine, lysine, peanut oil or a protein hydrolysate (Nesmida) were given to a first group of rats. The duodenum was removed at various times after food and extracts of duodenal mucosa were injected into the pancreatic-duodenal artery of other rats. The effect of these extracts was determined by measuring immunoreactive insulin levels in the portal vein and amylase, trypsin and lipase activities in the pancreatic juice of this second series of rats. Glucose and arginine, but not lysine, increased the activity of duodenal extracts on insulin secretion, whereas oil ingestion modified the activity of the duodenal extracts by inhibiting insulin secretion. Duodenal mucosa extracts taken 30 min after glucose and maltose ingestion stimulated amylase but not trypsin in the pancreatic juice, whereas extracts taken 45 min after ingestion of a protein hydrolysate stimulated trypsin but not amylase production. The extracts taken after oil ingestion specifically stimulated lipase secretion. These observations suggest the possibility of a hormonal system which is modulated by various food substrates and influences both endocrine and exocrine pancreas functions.
