One-year outcomes of traumatic injuries among survivors in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study on the employment outcomes and functioning state.

Background: Traumatic injury is one of the top public health challenges globally. Injury survivors often experience poor health and functioning and restricted participation in employment. In Ethiopia, there is a paucity of evidence about the long-term consequences of injuries, particularly about their employment outcomes and disability status. This study characterizes injury survivors by their preinjury status, injury characteristics, postinjury employment outcomes and disability status 1 year post injury. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted on injury survivors who received services from a large public hospital in Addis Ababa. Medical records of all emergency room patients who visited the hospital within a 3-month period were reviewed to identify those who were eligible. A structured questionnaire was completed using a telephone interview. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the outcomes. Results: Of the 254 participants, 78% were men, 48% were young adults (age 25-39 years), 41% were injured by road traffic collision, 52% were admitted to the hospital for up to a week and only 16% received compensation for the injury. Before the injury, 87% were working in manual labor. One-year after the injury, the total return to work (RTW) rate was 59%; 61% of participants experienced some level of disability, 33% had at least one type of chronic illness and 56% reported challenges of physical stressors when attempting to RTW. Among the 150 who returned to work, 46% returned within 12 weeks, 78% to the same employer and most received support from multiple sources, including community-level institutions (88%) and families/friends (67%). Conclusion: Traumatic injury substantially impacted the employment outcomes of survivors and contributed to increased disability in Ethiopia. This study lays a foundation for future research and contributes crucial evidence for advocacy to improve injury prevention and trauma rehabilitation in low and middle-income contexts. Level of evidence: II.

Implementing an ICU registry in Ethiopia-Implications for critical care quality improvement.

PURPOSE: Intensive care units (ICUs) in low- and middle-income countries have high mortality rates, and clinical data are needed to guide quality improvement (QI) efforts. This study utilizes data from a validated ICU registry specially developed for resource-limited settings to identify evidence-based QI priorities for ICUs in Ethiopia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis of data from two tertiary referral hospital ICUs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from July 2021-June 2022 was conducted to describe casemix, complications and outcomes and identify features associated with ICU mortality. RESULTS: Among 496 patients, ICU mortality was 35.3%. The most common reasons for ICU admission were respiratory failure (24.0%), major head injury (17.5%) and sepsis/septic shock (13.3%). Complications occurred in 41.0% of patients. ICU mortality was higher among patients with respiratory failure (46.2%), sepsis (66.7%) and vasopressor requirements (70.5%), those admitted from the hospital ward (64.7%), and those experiencing major complications in the ICU (62.3%). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, ICU mortality was high, and complications were common and associated with increased mortality. ICU registries are invaluable tools to understand local casemix and clinical outcomes, especially in resource-limited settings. These findings provide a foundation for QI efforts and a baseline to evaluate their impact.

Outcome of burn injury and associated factor among patient visited at Addis Ababa burn, emergency and trauma hospital: a two years hospital-based cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Burn is one of the critical health problems worldwide. Developing countries with sub-Saharan and Asian populations are affected more. Its mortality and non-fatal complications depend on several factors including age, sex, residency, cause, the extent of the burn, and time and level of care given. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the outcome of burn injury and its associated factor among patients who visited Addis Ababa burn emergency and trauma hospital. METHODS: The institutional-based, retrospective cross-sectional study design was conducted from April 1, 2019, to March 30, 2021. After checking the data for its consistency the data were entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 25. A total of 241 patients who had visited Addis Ababa burn, emergency and trauma Hospitals after sustained burn injury were recruited through convenience sampling method for final analysis. Model goodness-of-fit was checked by Hosmer and Lemeshow test (0.272). After checking multi-collinearity both the bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression model was fitted and variables having a p-value less than or equal to 0.05 at 95% CI in the multivariable analysis were considered statistically significant. RESULT: Adults (age 15 to 60 years) are the most affected groups accounting for 55.2% followed by pediatric age groups (age <15 years) (43.6%) and the elderly (age > 60 years) (1.2%). Scald burn was the major cause accounting for 39 % followed by Flame burn (33.6%), Electrical burn (26.6%), and chemical burn (0.8%). The mean TBSA% was 15.49%, ranging from1% to 64%. Adult males are more affected by electrical burns while adult females and the elderly encounter flame burn. 78.4% of patients were discharged without complications, 14.9% were discharged with complications and 6.6% died. The commonest long-term complication is the amputation of the extremity (19, 7.9%). Age greater than 60 years and TBSA% greater than 30% is a strong predictors of mortality with odds of 2.2 at 95% CI of [1.32, 3.69] and 8.7 at 95% CI of [1.33, 57.32] respectively. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: The mortality rate show decrement from previous studies. Overall scald burn is common in all age groups but electrical burns and flame burns affected more adult and elderly age groups. Extremities were by far, the commonest affected body parts. The extent of burn injury and the age of the patient independently predict mortality. Early intervention will reduce mortality and complications.

Assessment of the Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Trauma at AaBET Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Introduction: A novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) broke out in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019 that continues to pose major challenges to trauma care around the world. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of COVID-19 on the pattern of traumatic injuries and outcomes. Methodology: This retrospective, descriptive study was conducted over a three-month period at Addis Ababa Burn Emergency and Trauma (AaBET) Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It compared pre- and post-COVID-19 data from the hospital registry and reports. Specifically, data from March through May, 2019 (pre-COVID-19) were compared to data from March through May, 2020 (during COVID-19). The data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Descriptive analyses of the variables are reported as numbers and percentages. Results: There were a total of 5179 emergency visits during the study period, of which 2763 were trauma cases (53.4%). Among trauma cases, 1441 (52.1%) were attributable to road traffic injuries. During the COVID-19 period, 1901 patients were admitted, of which 1412 (74.3%) were trauma cases. Of the trauma cases during the COVID-19 period, 476 (33.7%) were attributable to road traffic injuries. There was a 42% decrease in emergency visits during the COVID-19 period. Although there was a 4.5% rise in trauma cases during the COVID-19, traffic injury-related trauma cases decreased by 50.7% during the same period. A significant increase in non-road traffic injury was noted during the lockdown period. These include interpersonal and domestic violence, and significant decreases were noted in multiple site injuries. Further, admissions were significantly decreased. Conclusion: During the period of lockdown, there was a significant decrease in road traffic injuries in AaBET hospital and an increase in non-road traffic injuries. Implementation of preventive measures will decrease road-traffic injury burden.

Pattern and Outcome of Traumatic Brain Injury, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-sectional Hospital-based Study.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in young adults in the world. This study assessed clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes among traumatic brain injury patients presenting to Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency, and Trauma hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based survey was conducted at AaBET hospital from January 01/2020 to April 30/2020. Data were collected using structured questionnaires from the trauma registry and patient chart. The collected data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS v 25.0. Results: Among the 304 traumatic brain injury patients, 75% were males with a mean age of 30.4 + 15.7, and 59.2% came from the Oromia region. Road traffic injury was responsible for 45% of the cases, of which pedestrian struck accounts for 52.2% of the cases. Only 50 (16.4%) patients arrived below 02 hours. 201 (66.1%) patients had mild traumatic brain injury the rest had moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Skullbone fracture (linear, DSF, & BSF) was the most common (n=157, 63.1%) followed by intracerebral lesions (DAI, brain contusion, & ICH) (n=140, 56.5%). Forty-three (14.1%) patients were intubated. 45(14.8%) cases had a neurosurgical intervention. The mortality rate of severe, moderate, & mild TBI were 25%, 8.0% & 2.0% respectively with an overall mortality of 5.6%. Conclusion: This study showed road traffic injury was the commonest cause of traumatic brain injury which affected young age groups. There was a delayed presentation to AaBET hospital Emergency. The mortality rate was lower than other Ethiopian hospital studies.

Acute Poisoning Cases Presented to the Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency, and Trauma Hospital Emergency Department, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Acute poisoning is a common reason for visits to the emergency room and hospitalization across the world, as well as a possible cause of morbidity and death. This study aimed to assess acute poisonings at Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency, and Trauma (AaBET) Hospital. Methodology. A one-year cross-sectional study was conducted at AaBET Hospital from February 1, 2018, to January 31, 2019. Data were collected using a structured and pretested questionnaire by the Emergency Medicine and Critical Care residents from acutely poisoned patients' interviews and patient charts. RESULTS: Data were collected from 98 acute poisoning cases, and 52% were males and 48% were females. 85 (86.7%) were less than 45 years. 52 (55.1%) were unemployed, and 33 (33.7%) were farmers. 96 (98%) cases were due to intentional poisoning, and 96 (98%) had oral ingestion. Organophosphates poisoning (27.5%) was the commonest cause, followed by 26.5% of unknown poisons and 16.3% prescribed drugs. Sixty-six percent of the patients presented to the hospital after 2 hours of ingestion. The case fatalities were 10.2% of which 40% of the cases were due to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2, 4-D) poisoning, followed by aluminum phosphide (20%). CONCLUSION: This study showed farmers and the unemployed were more affected. The most common mode of poisoning was intentional poisoning, oral ingestion being the primary route. The common poisons used by the victims were organophosphates. 2, 4-D poisoning was the major cause of death.

The Success Rate of Endotracheal Intubation in the Emergency Department of Tertiary Care Hospital in Ethiopia, One-Year Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Emergency medical care starts with airway assessment and intervention management. Endotracheal intubation is the definitive airway management in the emergency department (ED) for patients requiring a definitive airway. Successful first pass is recommended as the main objective of emergency intubation. There exists no published research regarding the success rates or complications that occur within Ethiopian hospitals emergency department intubation practice. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the success rate of emergency intubations in a tertiary hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methodology. This was a single institute retrospective documentation review on intubated patients from November 2017 to November 2018 in the emergency department of Addis Ababa Burn Emergency and Trauma Hospital. All intubations during the study period were included. Data were collected by trained data collectors from an intubation documentation sheet. RESULT: Of 15,933 patients seen in the department, 256 (1.6%) patients were intubated. Of these, 194 (74.9%) were male, 123 (47.5%) sustained trauma, 65 (25.1%) were medical cases, and 13(5%) had poisoning. The primary indications for intubation were for airway protection (160 (61.8%)), followed by respiratory failure (72(27.8%)). One hundred and twenty-nine (49.8%) had sedative-only intubation, 110 (42.5%) had rapid sequence intubation, and 16 (6.2%) had intubation without medication. The first-pass success rate in this sample was 70.3% (180/256), second-pass 21.4% (55/256), and third-pass 7.4% (19/256), while the overall success rate was 99.2% (254/256). Hypoxia was the most common complication. CONCLUSION: The intubation first-pass success rate was lower than existing studies, but the overall intubation success rate was satisfactory.

Pre-hospital Care to Trauma Patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Hospital-based Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Trauma is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Prompt use of pre-hospital care is associated with reduced early and late morbidity and mortality from trauma. This study aimed to assess the time to reach the facility and the pattern of pre-hospital care provided for trauma patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design with a structured interview questioner was used for patients presenting to Addis Ababa Burn Emergency and Trauma Hospital Emergency Department from April 1 to May 30, 2020. RESULT: Out of 238 interviewed patients, the most common means of transportation from the scene to the initial health facility were taxi 77(32.4%) and ambulance 54(22.7%). The time of arrival from the scene to the initial health care facility was within one hour, 133(56.1%) and in 1-3 hours 84(35.5%). Some form of care was provided at the scene in 110(46.2%) of cases. The care provided was bleeding arrest 74(31.1 %), removing from wreck 51(21.4%), splinting/immobilizing injured area 38(16%), position for patient comfort 19(8%), and others. Relatives were the most common care provider 49(45%) followed by bystanders 37(33.9%), trained ambulance staff 19(17.4%), and police 2 (1.8%). The main reasons for not providing care were lack of knowledge 79(61.2%), and lack of equipment 25 (19.4%). CONCLUSION: The study showed relatives and bystanders were the first responders during trauma care. However, ambulance utilization for pre-hospital care was low. There was trauma patients delay to arrive to hospital. Only half of the patients presented to the health facility within Golden hour.

Feasibility of telephone-administered interviews to evaluate long-term outcomes of trauma patients in urban Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about long-term functional outcomes of trauma patients in low-income and middle-income countries. In sub-Saharan Africa most studies of injury only collect data through emergency department disposition or hospital discharge, and methods of collecting long-term data are subject to significant bias. With the recent increase in access to mobile telephone technology, we hypothesized that structured, telephone-administered interviews now offer a feasible means to collect data about the long-term functional outcomes of trauma patients in urban Ethiopia. METHODS: We piloted a telephone-administered interview tool based on the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended. Using departmental logbooks, 400 consecutive patients presenting to two public referral hospitals were identified retrospectively. Demographics, injury data, and telephone numbers were collected from medical records. When a telephone number was available, patients or their surrogates were contacted and interviewed 6 months after their injuries. RESULTS: We were able to contact 47% of subjects or their surrogates, and 97% of those contacted were able and willing to complete an interview. At 6-month follow-up, 22% of subjects had significant persistent functional disability. Many injuries had an ongoing financial impact, with 17% of subjects losing or changing jobs, 18% earning less than they had before their injuries, and 16% requiring ongoing injury-related medical care. Lack of documented telephone numbers and difficulty contacting subjects at recorded telephone numbers were the major obstacles to data collection. Language barriers and respondents' refusal to participate in the study were not significant limitations. DISCUSSION: In urban Ethiopia, many trauma patients have persistent disability 6 months after their injuries. Telephone-administered interviews offer a promising method of collecting data about the long-term trauma outcomes, including functional status and the financial impact of injury. These data are invaluable for capacity building, quality improvement efforts, and advocacy for injury prevention and trauma care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III, retrospective cohort study.

Prospective assessment of patients with stroke in Tikur Anbessa Specialised Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

INTRODUCTION: The burden of stroke is increasing in many low- and middle-income countries. In Ethiopia, stroke has become a major cause of morbidity, long-term disability, and mortality. Time from stroke onset to hospital presentation is a critical factor in acute stroke care. This study aimed to describe risk factors for stroke and clinical presentation of patients presenting to the emergency centre with stroke. METHODS: We conducted a cross sectional study conducted from August 2015 to January 2016 in an urban tertiary care centre in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between stroke types and stroke risk factors, and delayed presentation and clinical indicators. P-values less than .05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 104 patients were included. The mean age was 53 years, and 56% were male. Only 30% of patients arrived using an ambulance service. The most common presenting symptoms were altered mental status (48%), hemiparesis (47%), facial palsy (45%), hemiplegia (29%), and aphasia (25%). Hypertension was the most common risk factor (49%), followed by cardiovascular disease (20.2%) and diabetes mellitus (11%). The majority of strokes were haemorrhagic in aetiology (56%). The median arrival time to the emergency centre was 24 h after symptoms onset; only 15% presented within three hours. Patients with hypertension, or presented with loss of consciousness were significantly more likely to have haemorrhagic stroke (p < .001 and p = .01 respectively). The only risk factor robustly associated with ischaemic stroke was cardiac illness (odds ratio 3.99, p = .01). DISCUSSION: Our study identified hypertension to be the most common risk factor for stroke. The predominant aetiology type in this cohort is haemorrhagic stroke. Lastly, the median arrival time to an emergency centre was 24 h after symptom onset.

A survey of emergency medicine and orthopaedic physicians' knowledge, attitude, and practice towards the use of peripheral nerve blocks.

INTRODUCTION: Peripheral nerve blocks (also known as regional anaesthesia) are currently used by many anaesthesiologists and emergency physicians for perioperative and procedural pain management. METHODS: This is a cross sectional descriptive study conducted to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and current practice towards use of peripheral nerve blocks for lower extremity injuries at Black Lion Hospital, a tertiary trauma centre in Addis Ababa. RESULTS: A standardised survey was conducted with 64 participants working in emergency medicine [30/64 (46.9%)] and orthopaedics [34/64 (53.1%)]. Twenty-three of 64 (35.9%) respondents had received formal training. Knowledge was acquired from didactic/workshop format for 15/23 (65.2%), followed by peer training 6/23 (39.1%). The majority, 62/64 (96.9%), believed that knowledge of general anatomy and nerve blocks are very important. Thirty-one of 64 (48%) of the respondents did not routinely perform peripheral nerve blocks. A majority, 27/31 (87.1%) stated they lacked the required skills. Ultrasound guidance of the femoral nerve 16/33 (48.5%) was the most commonly performed peripheral nerve block, followed by ankle block using anatomic landmarks 15/33 (45.5%). Almost all (15/16) ultrasound-guided nerve blocks were done by emergency medicine providers, while all anatomic land mark guided blocks were done by orthopaedic teams. A majority of the respondents (93.8%) (n = 60) were optimistic that their practice on peripheral nerve blocks would increase in future. A highly significant association was found between previous training on peripheral nerve blocks and the number of peripheral nerve blocks performed in a month; p value - 0.006. DISCUSSION: This study indicates peripheral nerve blocks are likely underutilised due to lack of training. There was a positive attitude towards peripheral nerve blocks but gaps on knowledge and practice.

INTRODUCTION: Les blocs nerveux périphériques (également connus sous le nom d'anesthésies locorégionales) sont actuellement utilisées par de nombreux anesthésistes et urgentistes à des fins de gestion de la douleur. MÉTHODES: Cette étude est une étude descriptive cross sectional menée afin d'évaluer les connaissances, attitudes et pratiques actuelles en matière d'utilisation des blocs nerveux périphériques pour les blessures aux extrémités inférieures au Black Lion Hospital, un centre de traumatologie tertiaire à Addis-Abeba. RÉSULTATS: Une étude standardisée a été menée auprès de 64 participants travaillant en médecine d'urgence [30/64 (46,9%)] et en orthopédie [34/64 (53,1%)]. Vingt-trois sur les 64 (35.9%) personnes interrogées ot bénéficié d'une formation formelle. Les connaissances ont été acquises sous forme didactique/d'atelier pour 15/23 (65,2%) d'entre eux, suivies d'une formation par les pairs pour 6/23 (39,1%) d'entre eux. La majorité, 62/64 (96,9 %) d'entre eux, considérait que les connaissances en anatomie générale et les blocs nerveux comme très importantes. Trente et un sur 64 (48%) personnes interrogées ne réalisaient pas régulièrement des blocs nerveux périphériques. Une majorité 27/31 (87,1%) de participants a indiqué ne pas disposer des compétences requises. Ultrasound guidance of the femoral nerve 16/33 (48,5%) était le bloc nerveux périphérique réalisé le plus fréquemment, suivi du ankle block using anatomic landmarks 15/33 (45,5%). La quasi-totalité (15/16) des blocs nerveux ultrasound-guided étaient réalisés par des emergency medicine providers, while all anatomic land mark guided blocks étaient réalisés par des équipes d'orthopédistes. Une majorité de personnes interrogées (93,8%) (n = 60) indiquaient être optimistes quant au fait que leur pratique sur les blocs nerveux périphériques augmenterait à l'avenir. Une association hautement significative a été trouvée entre la formation antérieure sur les blocs nerveux périphériques et le nombre de blocs nerveux périphériques réalisés au cours d'un mois; p value ­ 0,006. DISCUSSION: Cette étude indique que les blocs nerveux périphériques sont probablement sous-utilisés en raison d'un manque de formation. On a pu observer une attitude positive à l'égard des blocs nerveux périphériques, mais des lacunes en matière de connaissances et de pratique.

Bedside ultrasound as a simple non-invasive method of assessing intracranial pressure in a limited resource setting.

INTRODUCTION: Increased intracranial pressure is usually measured with invasive methods that are not practical in resource-limited countries. However, bedside ultrasound, a non-invasive method, measures the optic nerve sheath diameter and could be a safe and accurate alternative to measure intracranial pressure, even in children. CASE REPORT: We report a case of a 15-year old patient who presented with severe headache, projectile vomiting, and neck pain for two months. The bedside ultrasound showed a 10 mm optic nerve sheath diameter and a Computed Tomography scan of her brain revealed obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to a mass in the fourth ventricle. After intervening, we were able to monitor the decrease in her optic nerve sheath diameter with ultrasound. CONCLUSION: Performing invasive procedures continues to be a challenge in the resource limited setting. However, bedside ultrasound can be a useful tool in emergency centres for early detection and monitoring of intracranial pressure.

INTRODUCTION: L'hypertension intracrânienne (HTIC) est généralement mesurée au moyen de méthodes invasives qui ne s'avèrent pas pratiques dans des pays caractérisés par des ressources limitées. Cependant, l'échographie au chevet des patients, une méthode non invasive, mesure le diamètre de la gaine du nerf optique (DGNO) et pourrait constituer une alternative sûre et précise pour mesurer l'HTIC, même chez les enfants. ÉTUDE DE CAS: Nous avons étudié le cas d'une patiente de 15 ans qui s'était présentée souffrant de violents maux de tête, de vomissements en jets et de douleurs au cou depuis deux mois. L'échographie au chevet de la patiente a révélé un DGNO de 10 mm et la tomodensitométrie du cerveau a révélé une hydrocéphalie obstructive associée à une masse dans le quatrième ventricule. Après intervention, nous avons pu surveiller la réduction de son DGNO à l'aide de l'échographie. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: La réalisation de procédures invasives reste un défi dans les contextes caractérisés par des ressources limitées. Cependant, l'échographie au chevet du patient peut être un outil utile dans les services d'urgence pour permettre la détection précoce et le suivi de l'HTIC.