Multiomics was used to clarify the mechanism by which air pollutants affect chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A human cohort study.

Exposure to air pollutants has been associated with various adverse health outcomes, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the precise underlying mechanism by which air pollution impacts COPD through remains insufficiently understood. To elucidated the molecular mechanism by which air pollutant exposure contributes to alterations in the gut microbiome and metabolism in AECOPD patients, we employed metagenomics and untargeted metabolomics to analyse the gut microbial, faecal, and serum metabolites. The correlations among air pollutants, gut microbes, serum metabolites, and blood biochemical markers were assessed using generalised additive mixed models and Spearman correlation analysis. The findings revealed that for every 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration, the α-diversity of the gut flora decreased by 2.16% (95% CI: 1.80%-2.53%). We found seven microorganisms that were significantly associated with air pollutants, of which Enterococcus faecium, Bacteroides fragilis, Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans, and Subdoligranulum sp.4_3_54A2FAA were primarily associated with glycolysis. We identified 13 serum metabolites and 17 faecal metabolites significantly linked to air pollutants. Seven of these metabolites, which were strongly associated with air pollutants and blood biochemical indices, were found in both serum and faecal samples. Some of these metabolites, such as 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, C-8C1P and melatonin, were closely associated with disturbances in lipid and fatty acid metabolism in AECOPD patients. These findings underscore the impact of air pollutants on overall metabolism based on influencing gut microbes and metabolites in AECOPD patients. Moreover, these altered biomarkers establish the biologic connection between air pollutant exposure and AECOPD outcomes.The identification of pertinent biomarkers provides valuable insights for the development of precision COPD prevention strategies.

Highly efficient microwave driven assisted hydrolysis of cellulose to sugar with the utilization of ZrO2 to inhibit recrystallization of cellulose.

Following the main idea of a two-step method, microcrystalline cellulose is firstly pretreated to prepare regenerated cellulose (RC) with low crystallinity. Then, RC is continuously hydrolyzed to sugar in aqueous system by microwave driving. With the establishment of ZrO2 contained low acid catalytic system, an advanced route driven by microwave radiation to induce highly efficient hydrolysis of RC to sugar is formed. Due to the effect of ZrO2 on the molecular chain of cellulose, the recrystallization of RC is obviously weakened, and higher hydrolysis reactivity is achieved. Under the optimal conditions, the average conversion of RC and the yield of total reducing sugar highly reach 98.4 ±â€¯0.5% and 97.9 ±â€¯0.6%, respectively. The result is extremely superior to the efficiency of hydrolysis initiated only by pure acid. As a result, a novel and simple thinking to establish an advanced two-step methodology to hydrolyze cellulose to sugar with high efficiency is achieved.

Revealing the importance of non-thermal effect to strengthen hydrolysis of cellulose by synchronous cooling assisted microwave driving.

Non-thermal effect of microwave is precisely revealed as an important factor to strengthen the hydrolysis of cellulose to sugar by a new method of synchronous cooling assisted microwave driving. Using this particular method, the thermal effect is mandatorily removed from the hydrolysis of cellulose. After systematic analysis of the hydrolysis of low crystalline regenerated cellulose (RC), the non-thermal effect of microwave is proved to strengthen hydrolysis. The enhancement of non-thermal effect effectively weaken the interaction between the hydroxyl groups of -O(2)H and -O(6)H, as well as strengthen interaction between the hydroxyl groups of -O(3)H and -O(5)H within one single molecular chain. It leads to the reduction of regularity of molecular chain and thus inhibits the recrystallization of RC. As a result, the efficiency of hydrolysis is greatly improved. This research provides an important theoretical support and technical guidance to construct new microwave driven hydrolysis with high efficiency in the future.

ALA/LA ameliorates glucose toxicity on HK-2 cells by attenuating oxidative stress and apoptosis through the ROS/p38/TGF-ß1 pathway.

BACKGROUND: Growing evidence indicates that oxidative stress (OS) plays a pivotal role in Diabetic nephropathy (DN). In a previous study we demonstrated that ALA/LA protected HK-2 cells against high glucose-induced cytotoxicity. So we aimed to establish the glucose injury model of HK-2 cells and investigate the beneficial effects of ALA/LA on high glucose-induced excessive production of TGF-ß1 and the possible mechanisms mediating the effects. METHODS: The expression of OS markers in high glucose-induced HK-2 cells treated with ALA/LA., including the antioxidant enzymes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as well as the apoptosis rate were assayed by ELISA and flow cytometry. The p38/transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1) signal pathway were measured by real-time RT-PCR and western blot. RESULTS: The modeling condition of glucose toxicity on HK-2 cells was at the glucose concentration of 40.9 mM. ALA/LA can significantly increase the activities of antioxidant enzymes and decrease ROS production stimulated by high glucose. The study also found that ALA/LA caused a decrease in the apoptosis rate and TGF-ß1 level of HK-2 cells under high glucose stress through the ROS/p38 pathway. CONCLUSIONS: ALA/LA exerts protective effects in vitro through inhibition of ROS generation, down regulation of the activation of the p38MAPK pathway and the expression of TGF-ß1 in HK-2 cells.

Analysis of Active Components and Proteomics of Chinese Wild Rice (Zizania latifolia (Griseb) Turcz) and Indica Rice (Nagina22).

The ancient Chinese wild rice (Zizania latifolia (Griseb) Turcz) (CWR) has valuable biological and medicinal functions. To assess the advantages lost in modern cultivated rice after domestication, we compared the composition of bioactive compounds and the results of proteomic analysis with those of Indica rice (N22). We used routine methods to determine the protein, total dietary fiber, amino acid, mineral substance, plant secondary metabolites, and amino acid composition of CWR and N22. The protein and mineral contents of CWR were two times that of N22, and the levels of calcium, potassium, magnesium, chromium, iron, and zinc were significantly higher than those of N22 (P < .05). There was ∼7.6 times more dietary fiber in CWR than in N22, but fewer carbohydrates (P < .05). Anthocyanins and chlorophyll were detected in CWR, but were absent from N22. Compared with N22, CWR had 53, 19, and 5.4 times higher (P < .05) levels of saponins, flavonoids, and plant sterols, respectively. The amino acid score of CWR was 66.6, which was significantly higher than N22. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) indicated that the main seed proteins of CWR were glutelins, including both acid and alkaline subunits, which were approximately twice those of N22. To investigate the differences in protein profiles between CWR and N22, we conducted two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis of the total proteins in the seeds of the two rice species. 2-DE gels revealed 19 differentially expressed proteins. Information obtained from peptide mass fingerprinting indicates that glutelin precursor caffeoyl coenzyme A (CoA) O-methyltransferase and putative bithoraxoid-like protein can provide good gene sources for improving rice quality.

[Effect of grain-bean package, grain-bean package dietary fiber and single whole grain dietary fiber on dyslipidemia rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe and compare the effects of grain-bean package, dietary fiber (DF) extracted from grain-bean package, and DF from grain corn on the blood lipids and fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity in high-fat, high-cholesterol feeding induced dyslipidemia rats, and observe its effects on regulation of sterol regulatory element protein-1c (SREBP-1c) mRNA expression in rat liver. METHODS: Consolidation 50 SD rats of clean grade feeding adaptation for one week, randomly assigned into normal control group, hyperlipidemia model group, grain-bean package group, grain-bean package DF group and grain corn group. Feed with corresponding diets for 8 weeks, and measure the total cholesterol (TC), triglyceridaemia (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), FAS, SREBP-1c mRNA of all groups. RESULT: Compared with control group, TC, TG, FBG levels of hyperlipidemia model group were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with model group, TC, TG, FBG levels of grain-bean package group, grain-bean package DF group were significantly decreased, HDL-C levels significantly increased, and activity of FAS, regulation of SREBP-1c were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The Grain-bean package dietary fiber can improve blood lipids levels of dyslipidemia rats, and decrease FAS activity and SREBP-1c mRNA expression.

[Effects of compound whole grain-soybean on insulin resistance and serum adipocytokines in impared fasting glucose population].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of compound whole grain-soybean on insulin resistance and serum adipocytokines levels in impared fasting glucose population. METHODS: According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 163 cases of impared fasting glucose (IFG) Chinese Han population from the age of 40 to 75 years old, were screened from 12 community health centers of three main districts of Nanjing city by the multi-stage cluster and simple randomization method from March to September, 2008. The IFG subjects were randomly divided into the intervention group (87 individuals) and control group (76 individuals) by quasi-experimental design. The intervention group was provided with compound whole grain-soybean and health education, while only health education was provided for the control group. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), lipid profiles, fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), adipocytokines including leptin, lipocalin 2 (LCN-2) and adiponectin (ADP) levels were measured before and after the half a year intervention period. Chi square test was used to analyze the distribution differences. Two-sample t-test was used to compare the differences of the two groups before and after the half a year intervention period, and paired t-test was used to compare the differences between before and after intervention in the intervention group or control group. Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare the differences of all indexes between after and before dietary intervention. RESULTS: After dietary intervention for half a year on the IFG population, BMI ((24.87 ± 3.69) kg/m(2)), FBG((6.27 ± 0.24) mmol/L), FINS((7.14 ± 1.05) mU/L) , HOMA-IR (1.99 ± 0.31), leptin ((13.07 ± 2.22) µg /L), LCN-2 ((67.42 ± 18.20) µg/L) of intervention group were decreased significantly compared to the levels of BMI ((25.16 ± 4.07) kg/m(2)), FBG((6.40 ± 0.28) mmol/L), FINS ((7.32 ± 1.54) mU/L), HOMA-IR (2.08 ± 0.45), leptin ((13.43 ± 2.52) µg/L), LCN-2((74.87 ± 17.81) µg/L) before dietary intervention, t values were 4.48, 7.08, 2.05, 3.39, 3.28 and 6.36, respectively, and all P values were < 0.05, while ADP ((5.07 ± 1.51) mg/L) of intervention group after dietary intervention was increased significantly compared to the level of ADP ((4.92 ± 1.53) mg/L) before dietary intervention, t = -2.47 and P < 0.05. The medians (P25, P 75) of differences after and before dietary intervention in the intervention group were BMI (-0.25(-0.68, 0.02) kg/m(2)), FBG (-0.08 (-0.20, 0.00) mmol/L), FINS (-0.15(-0.32, 0.00) mU/L), HOMA-IR (-0.07(-0.12, -0.03)), leptin (-0.36(-0.77, 0.12) µg/L), LCN-2 (-5.85(-14.29, -0.71) µg/L) and ADP (0.15(-0.13, 0.36) mg/L), and the medians of differences of after and before dietary intervention in the control group were BMI (0.00(-0.23, 0.29) kg/m(2)), FBG (0.00(-0.03, 0.04) mmol/L), FINS (-0.01(-0.13, 0.04) mU/L), HOMA-IR (-0.01(-0.05, 0.02)), leptin (-0.07 (-0.57, 0.46) µg/L), LCN-2 (-0.85(-5.39, 1.63) µg/L) and ADP (0.02(-0.19, 0.13) mg/L). There were significantly statistical differences between them (Z values were -3.65, -4.88, -3.08, -5.23, -2.16, -4.43 and 3.05, all P values were <0.05). CONCLUSION: Dietary intervention of compound whole grain-soybean can improves glucose level, increase insulin sensitivity and ameliorate insulin resistance state of IFG population.

[Effects of Chinese wild rice on lipid metabolism and lipotoxicity in rats fed with high fat/cholesterol diet].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of four kinds of experimental diet, including high fat/cholesterol diet, Chinese wild rice diet, white rice-flour diet and basal diet on the lipotoxicity and disordered lipid metabolism in rats. METHODS: 44 male SD rats were divided into four groups, the basal group, high fat/cholesterol diet group, white rice-flour group and Chinese wild rice group. All rats of four groups were given different diets. Body weights were measured every week, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), free fatty acids (FFA) and leptin concentrations were measured, and liver pathology were observed. RESULTS: When compared with the basal diet group, the hyperlipidemic rat model was successfully made in high fat/cholesterol diet group. When compared with the high fat/cholesterol diet group and white rice-flour diet group, the serum TG and TC contents were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and HDL-C concentration significantly increased (P < 0.05) in Chinese wild rice group. Moreover, Chinese wild rice group had lower contents of serum and liver FFA than those of the high fat/cholesterol diet group and white rice-flour diet group (P < 0.05). Although Chinese wild rice group had a lower serum leptin level than the high fat/cholesterol diet group and white rice-flour diet group, there was no significant differences among the three groups (P > 0.05). The conditions of liver cell fatty degeneration in Chinese wild rice group were slight. CONCLUSION: Compared to the white rice-flour diet, Chinese wild rice could improve the lipid metabolism and liver lipotoxicity of hyperlipidemic rats induced by high fat/cholesterol diet.

[Research of the whole grain-soybean compound package to regulate the cholesterol metabolism by SREBP-2, LDLR and visfatin].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the possible mechanism of the whole grain-soybean compound package on dyslipidaemia rats. METHODS: 44 SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: the hyperlipidaemic group, the rice-flour group, the whole grain-soybean compound package group and the negative control group by lipid profiles, fed with corresponding feed for eight weeks. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured before and after the test. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken from the femoral artery, the rat organs were collected and weighted. Serum Visfatin levels and SREBP-2 mRNA and LDLR mRNA in the liver were measured. RESULTS: Compared with the hyperlipidaemic group and rice-flour group, the body weight, serum TC, TG and LDL-C of whole grain-soybean compound package group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), HDL-C was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Visfatin levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Gene expressions of SREBP-2 and LDLR were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Gene expression of Visfatin in whole grain-soybean compound package group was significantly lower than that in hyperlipidaemia group and rice-flour group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Whole grain-soybean compound package can improve the serum lipid profiles and Visfatin of rats fed with a high fat diet. The possible mechanism is that the whole grain-soybean compound package can activate the expression of SREBP-2, LDLR and Visfatin. And then enhance the expressing activity of regulate the cholesterol metabolism by SREBP-2, LDLR and Visfatin. Ultimately, to reduce the level of rats' cholesterol, and then ameliorate the dyslipidaemia of rats.

[Effect of compound whole grain-soybean on oxidative stress].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the in vitro oxidation resistance of compound whole grain and the effect on improving the disorder of lipid metabolism and the oxidative stress in rats. METHODS: Make extracting of compound whole grain, rice, flour and black rice, method use chemical colorimetry to detect total antioxidant capacity, hydroxyl radical (*OH) and superoxide anion (O2-*). Forty-four male SD rats were divided into four groups in random: negative control group, model control group, white rice-flour group and compound whole grain. All 4 groups were fed for 8 weeks with different experimental diets. Weight, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG ), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were detected in serum. Malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), super oxygen dehydrogenizes (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were detected in serum and liver. RESULTS: The T-AOC, the ability of body cleaning hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion were enhanced,quite with the black rice. In all 3 treatment groups, compound whole grain group had higher HDL-C, T-AOC, SOD, GSH-Px, while TC, TG, MDA were lower. Compared with negative control groups, there is no significant difference. CONCLUSION: Compound whole grain can have good effect on oxidative stress. This effect is the important mechanism of lipid metabolism disorders.

Effects of dietary carbohydrate replaced with wild rice (Zizania latifolia (Griseb) Turcz) on insulin resistance in rats fed with a high-fat/cholesterol diet.

Wild rice (WR) is a very nutritious grain that has been used to treat diabetes in Chinese medicinal practice. City diet (CD) is based on the diet consumed by Asian area residents in modern society, which is rich in saturated fats, cholesterol and carbohydrates. The present study was aimed at evaluating the effects of replacing white rice and processed wheat starch of CD with WR as the chief source of dietary carbohydrates on insulin resistance in rats fed with a high-fat/cholesterol diet. Except the rats of the low-fat (LF) diet group, the rats of the other three groups, including to high-fat/cholesterol (HFC) diet, CD and WR diet, were fed with high-fat/cholesterol diets for eight weeks. The rats fed with CD exhibited higher weight gain and lower insulin sensitivity compared to the rats consuming a HFC diet. However, WR suppressed high-fat/cholesterol diet-induced insulin resistance. WR decreased liver homogenate triglyceride and free fatty acids levels, raised serum adiponectin concentration and reduced serum lipocalin-2 and visfatin concentrations. In addition, the WR diet potently augmented the relative expressions of adiponectin receptor 2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, alpha and gamma, and abated relative expressions of leptin and lipocalin-2 in the tissues of interest. These findings indicate that WR is effective in ameliorating abnormal glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in rats, even when the diet consumed is high in fat and cholesterol.

Social influences on Cigarette Smoking Among Mainland Chinese and Chinese Americans: A Comparative Study.

The purpose of this cross-national study was to determine the leading social influences on smoking among Chinese Americans and mainland Chinese adults with the aim of improving prevention and intervention strategies to reduce smoking rates. A comparative cross-sectional design was used and a stratified-cluster sampling technique was employed in identifying the study sample. An 80-item questionnaire was administered in Chinese to 1222 participants, 812 in China and 410 in the U.S. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests. Results contain comparative data on social influences of smoking among Chinese Americans and mainland Chinese, as well as factors influencing smoking behavior which include cultural beliefs, gender roles, and family relationship dynamics. Grandparents were influential and significantly correlated with current smokers in China. Findings indicate differential effects of social influences on smoking behavior. Similarities and differences provide a basis for improving and/or developing smoking intervention programs of mutual benefit to China and the U.S..

[Active constituents in compound whole grain and its regulation on bile acids metabolism].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and compare the contents of dietary fiber, resistant starch, flavonoid and total saponins in the compound whole grain, to observe the effects of compound whole grain on the excretion of bile acid and its regulation mechanisms. METHODS: The contents of dietary fiber, resistant starch, flavonoid and saponins in compound whole grain were determined according to the national standard methods and other methods in literatures. Forty-four SPF grade SD rats were allocated randomly into four groups: the negative control group, hyperlipemia model group, rice-flour group and compound whole grain group, and each group was provided with corresponding diet for 8 consecutive weeks. The excrements of rats were collected at the beginning and the ending of the experiment by using metabolic cages. The expression of CYP7A1 mRNA and LXRalphamRNA were also observed. RESULTS: The composition of compound whole grain was dietary fiber 15.3g, resistant starch 9.03g, flavonoid 0.45g and saponins 0.24g per 100g. The excretion of bile acid was increased significantly (P < 0.05), and the expression of CYP7A1 mRNA and LXRalphamRNA was significantly higher in the compound whole grain group than the other three groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Compound whole grain is rich in DF, RS, flavonoid and saponins than common flour and rice. The expression of rate-limiting enzyme CYP7A1 mRNA in the classical pathway of bile acid synthesis and its upstream acceptor LXRalpha mRNA could be up-regulated by compound whole grain, thus effectively increasing bile acid excretions, and improving the disorders of lipid metabolism.

[Protective effect of ALA on high glucose induced cellular injury of LLC-PK1 cell].

OBJECTIVE: Made LLC-PK1 damage model induced by high glucose and observing the protection effect and its mechanisms of LLC-PK1 injury induced by high glucose. METHODS: The proliferation of LLC-PK1 induced by high glucose was tested by CCK-8 and the apoptosis rat and the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of LLC-PK1 damaged by high glucose was observed by flow cytometry after administration of different concentration alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). RESULT: High glucose could obviously inhibit the proliferation of LLC-PK1 The apoptotic rates of LLC-PK1 intervened by ALA (50-100 micromol/L) in the preconditioning group and the persistent intervention group were lower than those in the positive control group (P < 0.05). The contents of ROS of LLC-PK1 in the persistent intervention group were lower than those in the positive control group when the concentration of ALA were from 10 micromol/L to 100 micromol/L (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The contents of ROS of LLC-PK1 in the preconditioning group were lower than those in the positive control group when the concentration of ALA was 50 micromol/L (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The model of LLC-PK1 induced by high glucose provided fine chances for the intervention of renal tubular epithelial cells in DN. ALA were expected to be a protectant to prevent high glucose damage of renal tubulars. Decreasing the active oxygen generation may be one of the mechanism of the protective effects on LLC-PK1 by ALA.

Protective potentials of wild rice (Zizania latifolia (Griseb) Turcz) against obesity and lipotoxicity induced by a high-fat/cholesterol diet in rats.

The study evaluates the protective potentials of wild rice against obesity and lipotoxicity induced by a high-fat/cholesterol diet in rats. In addition to the rats of low-fat diet group, others animals were exposed to a high-fat/cholesterol diet condition for 8 weeks. The city diet (CD) is based on the diet consumed by urban residents in modern China, which is rich in fat/cholesterol and high in carbohydrates from white rice and processed wheat starch. The chief source of dietary carbohydrates of wild rice diet (WRD) is from Chinese wild rice and other compositions are the same with CD. Rats fed CD showed elevated body and liver organ weights, lipid profiles, free fatty acids (FFA) and leptin comparable with rats fed high-fat/cholesterol diet (HFD) known to induce obesity and hyperlipidaemia in this species. However, rats consuming WRD suppressed the increase of lipid droplets accumulation, FFA, and leptin, and the decrease of lipoprotein lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase. Meanwhile, WRD prevented high-fat/cholesterol diet-induced elevation in protein expression of sterol-regulatory element binding protein-1c, and gene expression of fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. These findings indicate that wild rice as a natural food has the potentials of preventing obesity and liver lipotoxicity induced by a high-fat/cholesterol diet in rats.

[Influences of compound whole grain on oxidative stress to hyperlipidemia population].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of compound whole grain complex antioxidant chain on oxidative stress to the hyperlipidemia population. METHODS: From March 2008 to March 2009, 418 hyperlipemia residents (45 to 75 years of age) of Han group were screened from 3 main districts in Nanjing, according to the community, blood lipids and oxidative indicators, stratified into intervention and control group by quasi-experimental design. The intervention group (212 individuals) were provided with compound whole grain and health education while only health education was provided for the control group (206 individuals). Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and oxidative indicators (including T-AOC, MDA, SOD, GSH-Px) were measured before and after the one-year intervention period. Analyses of the correlation between posture, biochemical markers and oxidative stress indicators before and after intervention were carried out. RESULTS: After intervention, BMI ((25.53 ± 2.77) kg/m(2)), WHR (0.82 ± 0.03), TC ((4.60 ± 0.98) mmol/L), TG ((1.26 ± 0.88) mmol/L) in the intervention group were decreased significantly compared to the levels of BMI ((26.60 ± 3.18) kg/m(2)), WHR (0.93 ± 0.05), TC ((4.97 ± 1.02) mmol/L), TG ((1.98 ± 1.11) mmol/L) in the control group (all P values < 0.05); while HDL-C ((1.34 ± 0.26) mmol/L) in the intervention group was increased significantly compared to the level of HDL-C ((1.18 ± 0.17) mmol/L) in the control group (P < 0.05); After intervention, levels of T-AOC (19.52 ± 0.81), SOD ((85.42 ± 21.65) U/ml) and GSH-Px ((128.26 ± 33.65) µmol/L) were increased significantly compared to the levels of T-AOC (11.11 ± 1.30), SOD ((78.68 ± 30.48) U/ml) and GSH-Px ((118.48 ± 24.19) µmol/L) in the control group (all P values < 0.05); while MDA ((1.78 ± 1.16) nmol/ml) decreased significantly compared to the level of MDA ((2.12 ± 1.37) nmol/ml in the control group (P < 0.05); Pearson product moment correlation analysis showed that: T-AOC with TC, TG, BMI showed a negative correlation (r values were -0.258, -0.266, -0.230, respectively, all P values < 0.05), while with HDL-C was a positive correlation (r values was 0.194, P < 0.05); SOD with TC, TG, BMI showed a negative correlation (r values were -0.282, -0.311, -0.217, respectively, all P values < 0.05), while with HDL-C was a positive correlation (r values was 0.169, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Compound whole grain could improve lipid metabolism to the hyperlipidemia population. There was a correlation between common human metabolism and the levels of oxidative stress.

[FABP2 gene polymorphism and metabolic disorder of lipids in the middle aged and aged population].

OBJECTIVE: To learn the gene distribution of fatty acid binding protein gene (FABP2) and the mutation frequency of wild type A54T in FABP2 gene in the people with abnormal lipid metabolism to detect from molecular level the relationship between FABP2 gene polymorphism and metabolic disorder of lipids, and to investigate genetic factors and the pathogenesis of lipid metabolic disorders in the middle aged and aged people. METHODS: The polymorphism of FABP2 gene was analyzed by RELP (Restriction fragment length polymorphism) technique. The relationship between FABP2 polymorphism and the risk of dyslipidemia in 410 middle aged and aged people was investigated. RESULTS: Mutation frequency of FABP2 gene in the people with dyslipidemia was 71.9%, significantly higher than that in the people with normal blood lipids (P < 0.05). Compared with individuals with wild type homozygote (Ala54/Ala54), the serum TC and TG of individuals with mutational heterozygote (Ala54/Thr54) or mutational homozygote (Thr54/Thr54) were distinctly higher, and serum HDL-C of them were distinctly lower (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: FABP2 gene polymorphism might be one of factors for genetic susceptibility in metabolic disorder of lipids. The risk of occurring lipid metabolic disorders in individuals carrying mutational FABP2 gene (Ala54/Thr54, Thr54/Thr54) might be higher than those carrying wild type homozygote (Ala54/ Ala54) while exposed to the same environment.

[Intervention of coarse cereals on lipid metabolism in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of coarse cereals on improving the disorder of lipid metabolism and the expression of PPARgamma mRNA in white adipose tissue in rats to investigate the mechanism of coarse cereals on lipid metabolism disorder. METHODS: Forty four SPF rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: the negative control group was fed with normal diet and 3 experimental groups were fed with high-fat modeling diet for 6 weeks for model building. The 3 experimental groups, the coarse cereals group,rice-flour group and the hyperlipemia model group, were then fed with coarse cereals high-fat diet,rice-flour high-diet and high-fat modeling diet respectively for another 15 weeks. RESULTS: Compared with the hyperlipemia modeling group, serum TG, TC, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in the coarse cereals group were declined significantly (P < 0.05), serum HDL-C in coarse cereals group was higher than that in rice-flour group and hyperlipemia model group (P < 0.05), LPL, HL and TNF-alpha in coarse cereal group were close to the negative control group. Moreover, the expression of PPAR-gamma mRNA in white adipose tissue of the coarse cereals group was higher than other groups. CONCLUSION: The coarse cereals could activate PPARgamma and enhance the activity of key enzymes in lipids metabolism, so as to reduce the level of TG relieve inflammation and improve lipid dysmetabolism eventually.

[Influences of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 genetic polymorphism on the effects of dietary intervention to the blood lipids abnormalities].

OBJECTIVE: To find out the effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPARgamma2) genetic polymorphism and nutrition intervention to blood lipid abnormal population. METHODS: 412 hyperlipemia residents of Han group were screened from 3 main districts in Nanjing by multistage stratified cluster random sampling, and separated into nutritional intervention and control group by simple random method. The intervention group (221 individuals) were provided with coarse good grain and health education while only health education was provided for the control group (191 individuals). Medical examinations (including body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR); total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and fasting blood glucose (FBG)) were taken every 6 months between March 2007 and March 2008, and PPARgamma2 genetic polymorphism was also detected later. RESULTS: After intervention, TC levels of intervention group and control group were (4.90 +/- 0.86) and (5.16 +/- 0.94) mmol/L respectively; TG levels were (1.68 +/- 0.97) and (2.29 +/- 1.10) mmol/L respectively; HDL-C levels were (1.35 +/- 0.36) and (1.16 +/- 0.33) mmol/L respectively, all of the differences were significant in statistics (t values were -2.95, -6.01, 5.55 respectively, P < 0.01). The levels of BMI ((24.81 +/- 3.21) kg/m(2)), WHR (0.88 +/- 0.07), FBG ((5.40 +/- 1.17) mmol/L), TC ((4.92 +/- 0.87) mmol/L) and TG ((1.68 +/- 1.01) mmol/L) decreased significantly (t values were 19.06, 16.43, 1.98, 8.86, -14.32 respectively, P < 0.01) compared to the levels before intervention (BMI (25.39 +/- 3.30) kg/m(2), WHR (0.92 +/- 0.07), FBG (6.07 +/- 2.17) mmol/L, TC (5.28 +/- 0.94) mmol/L and TG (2.70 +/- 1.86) mmol/L), while HDL-C (1.37 +/- 0.36) mmol/L increased significantly compared to the level before intervention (1.13 +/- 0.42) mmol/L (t = -7.68, P < 0.01) in the individuals with Pro/Pro of intervention group. WHR (0.90 +/- 0.06) and TG ((1.71 +/- 0.59) mmol/L) decreased significantly compared to the levels before intervention (WHR (0.95 +/- 0.06) and TG (2.58 +/- 1.12) mmol/L) (t values were -3.53 and -8.05 respectively, P < 0.01) in the ones with Pro/Ala. Moreover, susceptibility of change for BMI in Pro/Pro genotype carriers ((-1.21 +/- 1.02) kg/m(2)) was significantly greater than that in Pro/Ala genotype carriers ((-0.58 +/- 1.85) kg/m(2), t = -6.29, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Several indices of individuals with Pro/Pro improved obviously after nutrition intervention, which showed that effects of intervention to these people were better than those with Pro/Ala and Ala/Ala.

[Effect of compound coarse grain food on insulin resistance and expression of PPARgamma in rat].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of compound coarse grain food on insulin resistance (IR) in rats. METHODS: Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group (n=10) and model group (n=30), provided regular diet and high fat diet separately. After 6 weeks, the model group were divided into high fat diet group, rice flour group and coarse grain group, and provided the corresponding feed. After feeding 9 weeks, the fasting blood glucose, insulin and the expression of PPAR-gamma mRNA in rats were measured. RESULTS: IR was successfully induced by 6-weeks high fat diet. The body weight and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in coarse grain group were significantly lower than high fat diet group and rice flour group. The expression of PPAR-gamma mRNA in coarse grain group was significantly higher than other three groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The coarse grain food can reduce the concentration of blood glucose and insulin in rat with insulin resistance induced by high-fat dietary, and improve insulin sensitivity. The possible mechanism is the over-expression of PPAR-gamma.