[Construction and application of an onboard absorption analyzer device for CDOM].

Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) plays an important role in marine ecosystems. In order to solve the current problems in measurement of CDOM absorption, an automated onboard analyzer based on liquid core waveguides (Teflon AF LWCC/LCW) was constructed. This analyzer has remarkable characteristics including adjusted optical pathlength, wide measurement range, and high sensitivity. The model of filtration and injection can implement the function of automated filtration, sample injection, and LWCC cleaning. The LabVIEW software platform can efficiently control the running state of the analyzer and acquire real time data including light absorption spectra, GPS data, and CTW data. By the comparison experiments and shipboard measurements, it was proved that the analyzer was reliable and robust.

[Multi-scenario simulation and prediction of ecosystem services as affected by urban expansion: A case study in coastal area of Tianjin, North China].

Based on the modified Logistic-CA model, and taking the coastal area of Tianjin as a case, this paper simulated the spatial evolution patterns of ecosystem services as affected by the urban expansion in 2011-2020 under the scenarios of historical extrapolation, endogenous development, and exogenous development. Overall, the total ecosystem services of the study area under the three scenarios were generally the same, and the functional region with the lowest level ecosystem services had the identical spatial pattern. However, the spatial evolution patterns of the ecosystem services of the study area under the three scenarios had a great difference. The functional regions with lower-level ecosystem services grew in a cross-shaped pattern, with the Tanggu downtown as a center, and finally formed a full connectivity area along the Haihe River and coastal zone.

Preparation and in vitro permeation of tetramethylpyrazine hydrochloride transdermal gel / 中国中药杂志

The purpose of this study was to prepare tetramethylpyrazine hydrochloride transdermal gel and to study its permeation ability in vitro. The skin permeation ability was evaluated by Valian-Chien permeation cells with isolated rat skin. The concentration of tetramethylpyrazine in samples was determined by HPLC. The optimal formulation was composed with 5% azone, 5% peppermint oil, 8% sodium carboxymethylcellulose and 8% tetramethylpyrazine hydrochloride. The accumulative permeation amount of the gel was (6 731.87 +/- 102.31) microg x cm(-2) in 12 h,and the permeation rate was (535.02 +/- 33.89) microg x cm(-2) x h(-1). The release profile in vitro was in line with zero-order formulation. Tetramethylpyrazine hydrochloride gel prepared in the study would be developed as a novel transdermal preparation.

[Progress in Teflon AF LWCC/LCW applications].

Teflon AF is chemically very inert, quite physically and optically stable, a highly vapor-permeable polymer with optical transparency through much of the UV-Vis region and with an RI lower than that of water, so Teflon AF LWCC/LCW (Long path-length liquid waveguide capillary cell/liquid core waveguides) has been used with a range of different detection techniques, including absorbance spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and gas sensor. The present article describes the properties and the aspects of Teflon AF LWCC/LCW instrumentation and applications. And finally,the future prospect and outlook of Teflon AF LWCC/LCW is also discussed.

[Reflectance of sea ice in Liaodong Bay].

In the present study, the relationships between sea ice albedo and the bidirectional reflectance distribution in Liaodong Bay were investigated. The results indicate that: (1) sea ice albedo alpha(lambda) is closely related to the components of sea ice, the higher the particulate concentration in sea ice surface is, the lower the sea ice albedo alpha(lambda) is. On the contrary, the higher the bubble concentration in sea ice is, the higher sea ice albedo alpha(lambda) is. (2) Sea ice albedo alpha(lambda) is similar to the bidirectional reflectance factor R(f) when the probe locates at nadir. The R(f) would increase with the increase in detector zenith theta, and the correlation between R(f) and the detector azimuth would gradually increase. When the theta is located at solar zenith 63 degrees, the R(f) would reach the maximum, and the strongest correlation is also shown between the R(f) and the detector azimuth. (3) Different types of sea ice would have the different anisotropic reflectance factors.

[Design and application of hyperspectral radiation system for sea ice observation].

Sea ice plays an important role in the global climate systems. In the present article, a hyperspectral radiation system for the observation of optical properties of sea ice was designed. The system consists of three optical channels, which can operate simultaneously. Two kinds of optical detectors were designed, and the problem relevant to the water-tightness was resolved. The system can be used to measure the solar radiation beneath the sea ice by an "L" bracket. Another bracket for detecting bidirectional reflectance was designed, which can fix the optical detector at any angle ranging over 0-180 measured with an angle detector. In order to make a most suitable and automatic integrated time, the system can adjust the integrated time intelligently by itself. The system can work stably under extremely low temperature. Furthermore, the system was equipped with four thermistors and one GPS. The system was validated showing a good stability and veracity in situ in the Liaodong Bay.