The role of extracellular vesicles in traumatic brain injury-induced acute lung injury.

Acute lung injury (ALI), a common complication after traumatic brain injury (TBI), can evolve into acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and has a mortality rate of 30%-40%. Secondary ALI after TBI exhibits the following typical pathological features: infiltration of neutrophils into the alveolar and interstitial space, alveolar septal thickening, alveolar edema, and hemorrhage. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) were recently identified as key mediators in TBI-induced ALI. Due to their small size and lipid bilayer, they can pass through the disrupted blood-brain barrier (BBB) into the peripheral circulation and deliver their contents, such as genetic material and proteins, to target cells through processes such as fusion, receptor-mediated interactions, and uptake. Acting as messengers, EVs contribute to mediating brain-lung cross talk after TBI. In this review, we aim to summarize the mechanism of EVs in TBI-induced ALI, which may provide new ideas for clinical treatment.

Phasmarhabditis zhejiangensis sp. nov. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a new rhabditid nematode from Zhejiang, China.

A new nematode species of the genus Phasmarhabditis was isolated from the body surface of a slug (Philomycus bilineatus Benson, PB). Morphological and molecular analyses confirmed this nematode as a new species. The nematode was named Phasmarhabditis zhejiangensis sp. nov. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) and is dioecious. In males, the open bursa with genital papillae is characterized by the formula 1-1-1-2-1-3, and the spicule length is 58µm. In female, the vulva is located approximately in the middle of the body. The nematode belongs to papillosa group because of its tail shape pointed with filiform tip. The phasmids are rod-shaped. The posterior anus is slightly swollen. P. zhejiangensis was further characterized by internal transcribed spacer (ITS), 18S rDNA and 28S rDNA sequences. After the sequencing results were compared with sequences available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), the maximum similarities of ITS, 18S and 28S sequences were 89.81%, 96.22% and 95.28%, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses placed Phasmarhabditis zhejiangensis sp. nov. in the genus Phasmarhabditis.

Paroxetine suppresses reactive microglia-mediated but not lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in primary astrocytes.

BACKGROUND: Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in a brain that mediate inflammatory responses and provide trophic support for neurons. We have previously disclosed that paroxetine, a common selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, ameliorates LPS-induced microglia activation. However, it remains elusive for the role of paroxetine in astrocytic responses. METHODS: Isolated primary astrocytes were pretreated with paroxetine and stimulated with different stimuli, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or microglia conditioned medium pre-activated with LPS (M/Lps). Inflammatory and neurotrophic responses, underlying mechanisms and the impact on neuronal survival were assessed. RESULTS: Paroxetine had no impact on LPS-stimulated iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-1ß expression, but inhibited M/Lps-induced TNF-α and IL-1ß expression in primary astrocytes. Paroxetine suppressed M/Lps- but not LPS-induced activation of NF-κB and had no impact on the activation of MAPKs and STAT3. Incubation with the resulted astrocyte conditioned media caused no change in the viability of SH-SY5Y cells. BDNF and MANF mRNA expressions were upregulated by M/Lps and paroxetine, respectively. However, M/Lps- or LPS-induced extracellular releases of NO, TNF-α, and/or BDNF in astrocytes were in minor amount compared to those by microglia. CONCLUSIONS: Paroxetine ameliorates the reactive microglia-mediated inflammatory responses in astrocytes partially via inhibition of the NF-κB pathway but has no impact on LPS-stimulated astrocyte activation. While the effects of paroxetine on secondary astrocytic responses are not robust compared to its effect on the innate immune responses of microglia, the results together may implicate a therapeutic potential of paroxetine against neuroinflammation-associated neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease.

Prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease in China: An Updated Systematical Analysis.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are two major neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. Demographic aging is in rapid progress in China. Up-to-date estimates of AD and PD prevalence have not been provided. Methods: Studies that reported the prevalence of AD and PD in China were identified via a systematic database search from 1985 to 2018. Meta-analysis, local polynomial regression and autoregressive integrated moving average model were used for analyses. Results: A total of 99 studies were included in the study with populations of 385,312 and 227,228, respectively for AD and PD. The overall prevalence of AD and PD following age standardization was 3.20% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.17-3.23] and 1.06% (95% CI = 1.02-1.10), respectively in individuals over 60 years old. The rates increased drastically for every 10-years increment of age. The yearly prevalence of AD was predicted to increase from 3.81 to 6.17% in the next 5 years. Significant differences were observed between genders [male to female odds ratio (OR) for AD = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.51-0.64; OR for PD = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.06-1.46], and between education levels (Illiterate to non-illiterate OR for AD = 2.99, 95% CI = 2.38-3.75), but not between urban and rural settings. Conclusion: Our results provide an updated insight into the epidemiology of AD and PD in China and their associated rates and ratios. The findings may facilitate China policy makers and health professionals mitigate the related health issues.

[Effects of electro-acupuncture on expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 in ankle joint synovial tissue of acute gouty arthritis rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of electro-acupuncture (EA) on the expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell (TREM)l in ankle joint synovial tissue of acute gouty arthritis (AGA) rats. METHODS: Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal, AGA, medication and EA group, 10 rats in each group. AGA model was established by induced monosodium urate (MSU) method, except the normal group. Tow days before AGA model was established, normal and AGA groups were lavaged with normal saline (20 ml/kg), medication group was lavaged with colchicine solution (20 ml/kg), EA(1.5-2 Hz, D.-D.wave, 9v; 1-3 rnA) was applied to "Sanyinjiao" (SP6), "jiexi" (ST41) and "Kunlun" (BL60) for 20 min, once daily;continuously for 9 days. Then observed the changes in dysfunction, and the content of TNF-α and IL-lß detected by ELISA, the expression of TREM-l detected by immunohistochemistry and western blot. RESULTS: Compared to the normal group, the AGA group of the dysfunction index increased significantly (P<0.01), the content of TNF-α and IL-lß increased significantly (P<0.05), the expression of TREM-l in synovial tissue increased significantly (P<0.05); the medication and EA groups compared to the AGA group, the dysfunction index decreased significantly (P<0.01), the content of TNF-α and IL-lß decreased significantly (P<0.05), the expression of TREM-l in synovial tissue decreased significantly (P<0.05); there were not statistically significant between the medication and EA group (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: EA treating AGA may be through down-regulating the expression of TREM -1 in synovial tissue.

[Effect of electroacupuncture intervention on renal function and expression of renal beta-catenin in rats with chronic renal failure].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) intervention on renal function and expression of renal beta-catenin in rats with chronic renal failure (CRF), so as to reveal its mechanism underlying improvement of CRF. METHODS: Male SD rats were randomly divided into normal, model and EA groups, with 10 rats in each group. CRF model was induced by feeding the rats with 0.5% Adenine(100 mg/d, in forage) for 21 days. EA (1-3 mA, 1.5-2 Hz) was applied to bilateral "San-yinjiao" (SP 6), "Taixi" (KI 3) and "Shenshu" (BL 23) for 20 min, once daily for 30 days. Serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urine nitrogen (BUN) contents were assayed by enzymatic method and deoxy enzymatic method, respectively, and the expression of p-catenin protein in the renal tissue was determined by Western blot. RESULTS: Following modeling, serum Scr and BUN contents and renal p-catenin protein expression level were significantly increased in the model group in comparison with those of the normal group (P<0.05). After EA intervention, serum Scr and BUN contents and the expression of beta-catenin in the renal tissue were all significantly decreased in the EA group compared to the model group (P<0.05). In addition, the animals' body weight values of both model and EA groups were apparently lower than those of the normal group before EA treatment (P<0.05). After EA intervention, the body weight values of the EA group were markedly higher than those of the model group in spite of being still lower than normal rats (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: EA can effectively suppress CRF-induced increase of serum Scr and BUN contents and renal beta-catenin protein expression in CRF rats, suggesting an improvement of the renal function after EA intervention by reducing the expression of beta-catenin in the renal tissue.

[Reflection of dysmenorrhea in acupoint sanyinjiao (SP 6) region].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the reflection of dysmenorrhea in acupoint Sanyinjiao (SP 6) region (body surface) so as to verify the relationship between the acupoint and uterus. METHODS: A total of 60 women (15-35 years in age) including 30 primary dysmenorrhea patients (test group) and 30 healthy subjects (control group) were enrolled in the present study. The visual analog scale (VAS) score and mechanical pain threshold of bilateral Sanyinjiao (SP 6) regions were detected to assess changes of skin sensitivity in subjects undergoing menstrual pain and in the non-menstrual period. RESULTS: The VAS value in the menstrual period of test group was significantly higher than that in the non-menstrual period of the same one group and that in the menstrual period of the control group (P<0.01), and the pain threshold in the menstrual period of test group was significantly lower than that in the non-menstrual period of same one group and that in the menstrual period of the control group (P<0.01). No significant differences of both VAS value and pain threshold were found between the two groups in the non-menstrual period (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: An obvious tenderness at Sanyinjiao (SP 6) exists in women undergoing primary dysmenorrhea, sug- gesting a close correlation between Sanyinjiao (SP 6) and uterus.

[Observation on therapeutic effects of acupoint injection of metoclopramide for postsurgical gastroparesis syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical effects of acupoint injection of metoclopramide for postsurgical gastroparesis syndrome (PGS). METHODS: A total of 46 patients with PGS(from abdominal surgery) were randomly divided into control and acupoint injection groups (n=23 in each group). Patients of the acupoint injection group were treated by injection of Metoclopramide (5 mg+ normal saline) into bilateral Zusanli (ST 36) and Weishu (BL 21) alternatively, while patients of the control group treated by injection of 10 mg of Metoclopramide into the deltoid muscle and gluteus maximus muscle alternatively. The treatment of both groups was conducted once daily for 14 days. A 3-point scale of clinical symptoms (abdominal distension, belching, nausea-vomiting, upper-abdominal distending pain, sour regurgitation and gastric burning sensation) was used to evaluate the therapeutic effect. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences between two groups in clinical symptom scores before the treatment (P>0.05). Following treatment, the clinical symptom scores of both groups were significantly decreased in comparison with pre-treatment (P<0.05) and the scores of the acupoint injection group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). Of the 23 PGS patients in the control group and acupoint injection group, 0 and 2 were cured, 5 and 10 were significantly improved, 10 and 9 were improved, 8 and 2 failed, with the effective rates being 65.22% and 91.30%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Acupoint injection of Metoclopramide is effective for improving clinical symptoms of PGS patients.

[Analysis on Cheng Dan-an's educational thought in his book Chinese acupuncturology].

Mr. CHENG Dan-an, a famous acupuncture master, is the beginner of "Chengjiang Acupuncturological School" in China. This school of thought has a far-reaching impact on current acupunturological education,and its educational thought and teaching features chiefly reflect in CHENG's works. In the present paper, the authors analyze the influence of contemporary historical factors and sum up Mr. CHENG's educational thought on the basis of the written foundation, style and contents of his book Chinese Acupuncturology from four aspects (1) the role of education, (2) the process of education, (3) the teacher's and students' relationship in educational activities,and (4) the compilation of teaching materials about acupuncture and moxibustion.

[Our considerations about basic research and clinical translation based on experimental studies on acupuncture-induced blood-pressure reduction].

Basic research is an important component of acupuncture medicine, and is also the driving force for improving clinical practice. Acupuncture therapy has been used to treat hypertension for many years in China, and its underlying mechanism has also been progressively and partially explored, but its therapeutic effect remains controversial. Authors of the present paper summarize the current state of experimental researches on acupuncture treatment of hypertension from the establishment of hypertension model, acupoint selection, stimulation parameters, and related action mechanisms, and simultaneously found a disassocia- tion between the basic research and clinical practice, particularly in the selection of acupoints and stimulation parameters. Therefore, to establish a bridge for better translation from many achievements of experimental studies to clinical application is of great practical significance. The authors hold that the existing problems of clinical practice should be the foothold of basic research, while successful transformation from basic research achievements to clinical practice is our ultimate target. Only in this way, can we incessantly achieve the goal of improving clinical therapeutic effect of acupuncture therapy from the phase of effectiveness verification, and promote the healthy development of acupuncturology.

[The effects of electro-acupuncture on the signaling pathway of TLR/MYD88 in ankle joint synovial tissue of acute gouty arthritis rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of electro-acupuncture ( EA) on the related protein expression of the signaling pathway of the toll-like receptor2 (TLR2)/myeloid differentiation factor (MYD) 88 in ankle joint synovial tissue of acute gouty arthritis (AGA) rats. METHODS: Fifty male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: normal group, SMD group, AGA model group, medication group and EA group, 10 rats in each group. SMD group established model by inducing SMD, other groups established AGA model by inducing monosodium urate, except the normal group. Two days before model was established, normal and SMD and AGA model groups were lavaged with normal saline (20 mL/kg), medication group was lavaged with colchicine solution (1 mg/kg), EA (1. 5-2 Hz, D.-D. wave, 9 V, 1-3 mA) was applied to"Sanyinjiao" (SP6),"Jiexi"(ST41) and "kunlun" (BL60) for 20 min, once daily, continuously for 9 days. Then the join sewlling index was observed periodically, the protein expression of TLR2 and MYD88 was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Compared to the normal group, the join sewlling of the SMD group in test join increased significantly (P<0. 05) and the protein expression of TLR2 and MYD88 in synovial tissue has not statistically significant (P>0.05), the oin sewlling and protein expression of TLR2 and MYD88 in synovial tissue of model group increased significantly P<0. 05); The medication and EA group compared to the model group, the protein expression of TLR2 and MYD88 in synovial tissue decreased significantly (P <0. 05), the join sewlling in test join decreased significantly P<1. 05); There were not statistically significant between the EA group and the medication group (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: EA can alleviate the symptoms of AGA, which may be related to regulation of the protein expression Y TRI and MYD88 in the TLR/MYD88 signaling pathway.

[Effects of salicylic acid on D1 protein phosphorylation and PS II performance in wheat leaf chloroplasts under high temperature and high light stress].

To study the effects of salicylic acid (SA) on the D1 protein phosphorylation and PS II performance in wheat (Tritivum aestivum L.) leaf chloroplasts under high temperature and high light, the wheat leaves at grain-filling stage were sprayed with SA solution (0.5 mmol x L(-1)) or water (as control), and then subjected to 35 degrees C and 1600 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1) for various hours. The changes in electron transport rate (ETR), net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and relative amount of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated D1 protein in thylakoid membrane were compared. The results showed that foliar spraying SA effectively inhibited the degradation of D1 protein under high temperature and high light stress, and maintained the D1 protein phosphorylation, ETR of whole chain and PS II, Fv/Fm (the maximal photochemical efficiency of PS II), phi(PS II) (the actual photochemical efficiency of PS II), q(p)(the photochemical quenching coefficient), and Pn (net photosynthetic rate) at a higher level, indicating that exogenous SA could mitigate the damage effect of high temperature and high light on wheat leaf photosynthetic apparatus and benefit PS II performance via regulating the turnover of D1 protein in chloroplasts.